The Lemon Juice Syndrome and the Hunger Games

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The following oiginally appeared in Explore. May/June 2014, vol. 10, no. 3: 137-145.

In knowing that you know nothing, that makes you the smartest person of all. — Socrates[i]

On January 6, 1995, McArthur Wheeler, 45, walked into two Pittsburgh banks with an accomplice in broad daylight and robbed them. Oddly, he made no obvious attempt at disguise. In fact, the first thing he did was look directly into the surveillance cameras and smile. That night on the 11 o’clock news his picture was broadcast during the Pittsburgh Crime Stoppers segment. When he was arrested less than an hour later, Wheeler was incredulous. “But I wore the juice!” he protested.[ii]

Wheeler was under the impression that rubbing one’s face with lemon juice made it invisible to cameras.[iii] Even though the lemon juice was burning his face and eyes and he was having trouble seeing, he was totally confident his face could not be photographed.   As journalist Michael A. Fuoco reported in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, he got the idea from two people he trusted, but he didn’t take their word for it. He performed an experiment to evaluate their claim. He bought a couple of lemons, rubbed the juice on his face, and snapped a Polaroid picture of himself and saw he was nowhere in the image. It was like a version of “Where’s Waldo?” with no Waldo, said one detective. A lawman who nabbed Wheeler offered three possibilities for his successful Polaroid test: the film was bad, he had not adjusted the camera correctly, or he had rotated the camera at the last moment and took a picture of the ceiling.[iv]

The lemon juice idea was no doubt derived from the old custom of using lemon juice as invisible ink. When the invisible writing is exposed to heat, it becomes visible. Wheeler apparently assumed that his face would remain invisible as long as he avoided a heat source.

THE ILLUSION OF CONFIDENCE

Hollywood has long glamorized criminals as masterminds. But as scenarios such as Wheeler’s show, those convicted of crimes are, on average, less intelligent than law abiders.

There is an unbroken thread of near-comical mistakes criminals make.[iv] For instance, there’s the high-school student who vandalized his school by spray-painting his own initials on a wall. A Brit named Peter Addison went further, spray-painting “Peter Addison was here” on the side of a building. Peter Porter, a 66-year-old American lawbreaker, became irate and conspicuous when a supermarket cashier refused to make change when he gave her a one-million-dollar bill. Then there is the criminal-to-be who filled out an employment application at a fast-food restaurant providing his correct name, address and social security number — before he decided a couple of minutes later to rob the place.

All such people demonstrate what’s been called the “illusion of confidence,” an inflated view of their skills.4 This illusion is not confined to criminals, of course. It is also painfully obvious in many of the aspiring contestants on shows such as “American Idol” and “Last Comic Standing.” The individuals who have no hope of qualifying, to say nothing of winning, appear genuinely shocked when the judges reject them.

THE DARWIN AWARDS

Gross incompetence that is not recognized by the incompetent individual has been parodied for years by the Darwin Awards, which honor Charles Darwin’s maxim of the survival of the fittest. Originating around 1985, they were formalized in 1993 by the creation of a website that has become widely known, along with a series of books starting in 2000. As editor Wendy Northcutt describes the criterion for the awards, “In the spirit of Charles Darwin, the Darwin Awards commemorate [posthumously] individuals who protect our gene pool by making the ultimate sacrifice of their own lives. Darwin Award winners eliminate themselves in an extraordinarily idiotic manner, thereby improving our species’ chances of long-term survival.”[v] Some of the recipients include the following:[vi]

2000: An Iraqi terrorist didn’t put enough postage on a letter bomb, and it came back marked “return to sender.” He opened the package and was blown away.

2002: After being pulled over for erratic driving, a man chose to run from the stolen car while shooting at the police over his shoulder without looking back. He accidentally shot himself in the head.

2003: During festivities in a park, an Australian man was rushed to the hospital after placing a lit firecracker between the cheeks of his buttocks before stumbling and falling on his behind. The emergency surgeon noted that it looked like “a war injury.”

2004: After a few drinks, two Taiwanese university students attempted a jousting contest on motor scooters to impress a girl they were both interested in. They collided at 50 miles per hour, both dying on impact. The girl later stated that she was not interested in either man.

2005: Two muggers in South Africa were fleeing after stealing a cell phone and a purse from a couple at knifepoint when one of them attempted to jump a fence to get away. After his ten-meter drop on the other side, one of them realized he had jumped into the tiger den at the Bloemfontein Zoo. He was fatally mauled.

2006: An Englishman was found slumped over in his home with stab wounds to his chest. Though police initially thought he was attacked, his wife later told them that she remembered his wondering earlier that week whether or not his new jacket was “stab-proof.” The coroner ruled his death “accident by misadventure.”

2009: In an attempt to disguise himself for a robbery, a man chose to spray-paint his face gold. He did not realize that the fumes from the paint were toxic and died from inhalation shortly after the burglary.

2011: During a protest of motorcycle helmet laws, a New York resident was riding his bike without a helmet when he lost control, flipped over its handlebars and died on impact.

2012: A man was at a friend’s apartment where he saw a salsa jar with an unknown fluid. He presumed it was liquor and took a sip before realizing it was gasoline and spitting it out. Shortly thereafter, he lit a cigarette, setting himself on fire.

I’ve never liked the Darwin Awards. I find no humor in the death of people who make wrong choices. Moreover, the awards reek of condescension and superiority. Worse, they are a misrepresentation. Nearly all the recipients are adults who were well past puberty and into their reproductive years. Many no doubt had already reproduced before they managed to kill themselves. They had already contributed to the human gene pool before they accidentally removed themselves from it. In order to be consistent with their stated goal, the impresarios of the Darwin Awards should present them to deceased prepubescent, pre-reproductive children. In my view, the awards are mainly an indelicate opportunity to laugh at someone else’s misfortune, while posing as a champion of Darwinian theory.

Does stupidity protect the human gene pool? Not according to social psychologist David Dunning (of whom, more later). “People,” he says, “will often make the case, ‘We can’t be that stupid, or we would have been evolutionarily wiped out as a species a long time ago.’ I don’t agree.… [A]ll you need to do is be far enough along to be able to get three square meals… so that you can reproduce. And then, that’s it. You don’t need a lot of smarts. You don’t have to do tensor calculus [or]…quantum physics to be able to survive to the point where you can reproduce. One could argue that evolution suggests we’re not idiots, but I would say, Well, no. Evolution just makes sure we’re not blithering idiots. But, we could be idiots in a lot of different ways and still make it through the day.”[vii]

In any case, the implication of the Darwin Awards, that if one’s I.Q. is above a certain level one will be a positive contributor to the gene pool, is specious. In fact, a high I.Q. may turn out to be deadly. As the saying goes, “Life is extinct on other planets because their scientists were more advanced than ours.”[viii] A dim-witted member of Homo sapiens who fits into his environment and faithfully provides food and protection to his progeny may in the long run prove more valuable than the brilliant physicist who perfects nuclear weapons that convert Homo sapiens into Homo sapiens emeritus — emeritus being a Latin past participle that means “having served one’s time.”

THE DUNNING-KRUGER EFFECT

Even though the lemon juice didn’t work, McArthur Wheeler unwittingly made a significant contribution to modern psychology.

In 1999, when social psychologist David Dunning of Cornell University was perusing the 1996 World Almanac, he came across a section called “Offbeat News Stories.” Included in it was a report on bank robberies committed in Pittsburgh the previous year. He tracked down the article by journalist Michael A. Fuoco, mentioned above. As Dunning read the article he wondered whether, if Wheeler was too stupid to be a bank robber, he was also too stupid to realize that he was too stupid to be a bank robber. Did his stupidity protect him from an awareness of his own stupidity?4

Dunning thought it might be possible to measure one’s self-assessed level of competence against something more objective, such as actual competence. Soon he and Justin Kruger, his graduate student, had put together a research program. The result was their 1999 seminal paper “Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties of Recognizing One’s Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-assessments.”[ix] Dunning and Kruger wrote, “When people are incompetent in the strategies they adopt to achieve success and satisfaction, they suffer a dual burden: Not only do they reach erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate choices, but their incompetence robs them of the ability to realize it. Instead, like Mr. Wheeler, they are left with the erroneous impression they are doing just fine.” In other words, if you’re severely incompetent you can’t know you’re incompetent. It’s not that you refuse to admit your incompetence, are denying it, or are lying about it. You simply don’t realize it. The result is a profound degree of blindness.

Kruger and Dunning noted historical observations that point in the same direction, including Confucius: “Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s ignorance”; Bertrand Russell: “One of the painful things about our time is that those who feel certainty are stupid, and those with any imagination and understanding are filled with doubt and indecision”; Charles Darwin: “Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge”; and Shakespeare in As You Like It: “The Foole doth thinke he is wise, but the wiseman knows himself to be a Foole.”[x] Or as my grandmother used to say to my twin brother and me when we little tykes would do something abysmally stupid, “To be so smart, you boys don’t know very much.”

Physician Lewis Thomas (1913-1993), director of research at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, would have agreed with Dunning, Kruger, and my grandmother. He believed that a mark of wisdom is the recognition of ignorance, even in science. Toward the end of the twentieth century he wrote, “The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature.[xi] …We do not really understand nature, at all.…Only two centuries ago we could explain everything about everything, out of pure reason, and now most of that elaborate and harmonious structure has come apart before our eyes. We are dumb.[xii]

The legendary Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman was in the same camp. “Learn from science that you must doubt the experts,” he said. “As a matter of fact, I can also define science another way: Science is the belief in the ignorance of experts.”[xiii]

Meditation teacher Wes Nisker agrees. He extends ignorance to the culture at large, writing, “Just imagine how good it would feel if we all got together once in a while in large public gatherings and admitted that we don’t know why we are alive, that nobody knows for sure if there’s a higher being who created us, and that nobody really knows what the hell’s going on here.”[xiv]

Dunning and Kruger performed a series of experiments that confirmed the effect that now bears their name. In one, they tested college students about grammar. The students who were doing badly in grammar didn’t know they were doing badly in grammar. “Even if you are jus t the most honest, impartial person that you could be,” said Dunning, “you would still have a problem — namely, when your knowledge or expertise is imperfect, you really don’t know it…. We’re not very good at knowing what we don’t know.” Thus the Dunning-Kruger effect was born: a cognitive bias in which unskilled individuals suffer from illusory superiority, mistakenly rating their ability much higher than average.[iv]

THE INVISIBLE DEFICIT

Anosognosia, literally “lack of knowledge of disease,” is a neurological term introduced by the famous neurologist Joseph Babinski (1857-1932). An anosognosia patient who is paralyzed on one side simply doesn’t know that he is paralyzed. If you put a pencil in front of him on that side and ask him to pick it up, he won’t do it. He may say, “I’m too tired,” or “I don’t need a pencil.” The awareness of paralysis is absent because of damage to one side of the brain. The brain damage prevents him from paying attention to one side of his environment. A man thus affected may shave only one side of his face. He may eat the food only on one side of the plate, then complain that there’s not enough food. The deficit is not willful. It is unperceived.[xv]

Dunning and Kruger believe they have identified a psychological version of physiological anosognosia. But the psychological blindness can be worse than the physiological kind, because the latter affects only single individuals while the former can spread far and wide in a society.

Social Anosognosia

Errol Morris, the award-winning American film director and writer, has explored the possibility that anosognosia may extend beyond the individual. In a penetrating series of essays he asks, “Can a group of people, perhaps even society at large, devolve into a state of destructive cluelessness?”[xvi]

Morris finds evidence for this possibility in the tenure of Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president of the United States, who served from 1913 to 1921. On October 2, 1919, Wilson suffered a stroke that was almost fatal. It resulted in visual impairment and muscular weakness on the left side of his face, tongue, jaw, and pharynx, with difficulty in swallowing and impairment of his speech. “Following his stroke,” says neuropsychiatrist Edwin Weinstein, “the outstanding feature of the President’s behavior was his denial of his incapacity…or anosognosia….”[xvii] Morris adds, “Wilson described himself as ‘lame’ and referred to his cane as his ‘third leg,’ but otherwise he considered himself perfectly fit to be president. There was even talk of a third term.”[xvi]

Wilson’s great goal was the ratification by Congress of the treaty guaranteeing the participation of the United States in the League of Nations following World War I. However, Wilson’s stroke and the subsequent change in his personality made him so intransigent, inflexible, and unwilling to compromise with his political opponents that the defeat of the treaty was inevitable. Morris suggests that a pervasive social anosognosia was also operating. The public wanted to believe that the president was healthy, that nothing was wrong, and that even if he was paralyzed “his mind was clear and untouched.”

Wilson’s personal blindness to his defects was compounded by the cover-up of his impairment by his wife, Edith, and those close to him, including his personal physician. Phyllis Lee Levin, in her book Edith and Woodrow, is convinced that Wilson’s inability to perceive his own incapacity had devastating consequences for the nation and world he helped to lead.[xviii] Levin ponders a counterfactual history in which the League of Nations included the United States. Would the course of history during the twentieth century been different? Might World War II have been averted? Morris: “It is one of history’s great what-ifs.”

The Wilson saga involves multiple currents of anosognosia — that of Wilson following his stroke; that of his wife and his staff, whose denial of Wilson’s defects was profound; and that of the public, which was willing to believe their president was mentally clear even though partially paralyzed.

IGNORANT BUT NEVER IN DOUBT

I have bumped into the Dunning-Kruger effect often over the years without realizing that one day it would be formally described and named. If I’d known about it, it would have shed light on my experiences, clarified them, and made them easier to tolerate.

In one such instance, I was invited to lecture on healing research at one of the leading medical schools in the country by a nationally known member of the medical faculty, who had performed a controlled experiment on the effects of distant healing intentions. His faculty colleagues were nervous about these directions, so he asked me to join him in a meeting with the research advisory committee. It was a strange experience. The advisors gingerly voiced their ambivalence toward the research in question. It was clear they were unlikely to approve any further investigations along these lines. I supported the healing researcher by citing foundational experiments in remote healing not just in humans, but also in other organisms including bacteria, animals, and plants. There was nothing new in the research on which they were passing judgment, I said; positive findings had been reported for decades in careful studies. The reaction of the advisors was a mixture of suffocating boredom, non-comprehension, and veiled hostility. Why were we wasting their time on something that “everyone knows” is impossible? No one was prepared to acknowledge the existence, let alone the possible validity, of any prior research that might have affirmed the respectability of the experimental approach in question. This was an incandescent example of the Dunning-Kruger effect. The ignorance of the advisors protected them from an awareness of their ignorance. They were blind to their blindness.

It’s not just dumb criminals like McArthur Wheeler who are susceptible to the Dunning-Kruger effect. Super-intelligence is no guarantee of immunity to blindness, but may make one even more likely to be blindsided by one’s ignorance. As the eminent psychologist Hans Eysenck observed decades before the Dunning-Kruger effect surfaced, “Scientists, especially when they leave the particular field in which they have specialized, are just as ordinary, pig-headed and unreasonable as anybody else, and their unusually high intelligence only makes their prejudices all the more dangerous….”[xix]

OUR CULTURAL LEMON JUICE

Our society has smeared our collective face with lemon juice. We think we’re completely competent in several areas and cannot see we’re not: social anosognosia.

Consider our national healthcare debate. Like many people, I am unable to comprehend some of the twists and turns in this discussion. I do not understand, for instance, why it is a bad thing, as many claim, to help provide health insurance to the fifty million Americans who don’t have it, a demographic that includes around eight million innocent children. And I cannot grasp why some politicians strenuously attempt to deny school breakfasts to impoverished, hungry children who have done nothing wrong. As novelist Kurt Vonnegut said, “There’s only one rule that I know of, babies — ‘God damn it, you’ve got to be kind.’”[xx] I fail to comprehend how certain congressmen can work to shut down the federal school lunch program because, they allege, it does not “fall within the framework of our United States Constitution.”[xxi] How about the framework of common decency and empathy? It mystifies me how individuals can defend fetuses by opposing abortion, yet paradoxically deny prenatal care for pregnant women who are poor, and food assistance after the baby is born. I don’t understand why we cannot better deal with the 600,000 Americans who are homeless on any given night, nearly a quarter of whom are children, a third of whom are living in unsheltered places like cars, parks, or abandoned buildings.[xxii] And it seems ungrateful, as well as insulting, to cut food assistance to the approximately 900,000 veterans and 5,000 active-duty troops who currently receive it, which will be the result if the current congressional efforts to slash the food stamp program succeed.[xxiii]

THE HUNGER GAMES

Let’s put nutrition assistance under the microscope and take a closer look at how cultural lemon juice can blind us.

First, some basic facts. Seventy-six percent of households receiving food stamps through the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) include a child, an elderly person, or a disabled individual. These households receive 83 percent of all SNAP benefits.[xxiv],[xxv] Some 45 percent of food stamp recipients are children.[xxvi] Still, every night, 17 million children go to bed hungry in the United States.[xxvii] This means — critics, listen up! — that no matter how you slice it, the nation’s nutrition assistance program is significantly a program to keep poor children from going hungry.

The reason given most frequently for cutting SNAP is cost. Although the program is a lifeline to millions of struggling households that include children, opponents say we can’t afford it.[xxviii] Yet the average American household pays $6,000 annually in taxes to subsidize wealthy corporations who have no need of charity.[xxix]  Seen in this context, it seems obscene to tell a hungry child that we cannot afford to alleviate her hunger and that she must bear it because her hunger is too costly. Corporations don’t go hungry, but people do. It’s obvious that cost is not really the issue here, and that deeper factors are at work.

Contrary to the criticism that food stamps are a drain on the economy, many economists consider SNAP one of the most effective forms of economic stimulus.  Moody’s Analytics estimates that in a weak economy every dollar increase in SNAP benefits generates about $1.70 in economic activity.  Similarly, the Congressional Budget Office rated an increase in SNAP benefits as one of the two most cost-effective of all spending and tax options it examined for boosting growth and jobs in a weak economy.[xxx]

Others say nutrition assistance programs should be cut because hordes of people are illegally trafficking in food stamps — collecting free food and selling it, or peddling SNAP cards for cash or ineligible items. In the media, stereotypes dominate this particular objection. There is a steady drumbeat of stories about recipients who spend their benefits on cigarettes, beer, or cosmetics, but there are few reports such as the single mother who figured out how to cut the family’s electricity bills by taking the light bulb out of the refrigerator, and who gives part of the food she obtains from the local food pantry to a homeless woman who is always pleading for help.[xxxi] While flagrant examples of abuse can be found in any major governmental (or private) program, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, which administers SNAP, reports that the fraud rate in the program has remained steady at around 1.5 percent, making it one of the least-abused federal programs in existence.[xxxii], [xxxiii] By comparison, Medicare fraud rates are roughly estimated to be between three and ten percent of expenditures.[xxxiv] As to defense spending, no one knows how much money is siphoned off by fraud and waste, but experts use words such as “epic” to describe the abuse. Proper accounting methods for defense allocations are acknowledged to not exist. “We [don’t] have the detail … for a lot of it,” says one Defense Department insider, which is a delicate way of saying that no one keeps track of where all the money goes.[xxxv] It is almost certain that the 1.5 percent attributed to cheating in SNAP is a figure the Pentagon and American taxpayers can only envy. Yet the conservative congressmen who complain loudest about SNAP fraud seldom utter a whiff of objection about the massive lapses in the Pentagon’s lack of accountability. For them, colossal waste and fraud in military spending can be overlooked with a wink and a nod, while minuscule cheating on food stamps for infants, children, the disabled, the elderly, and veterans elicits a display of righteous indignation.

We are also warned that if the government tries to prevent people from going hungry by giving away food, this destroys their incentive to work. More stereotypes: “Food stamps don’t work” because they create a culture of dependency by rewarding parasitic “moochers and takers.” Food assistance, we’re told, fosters deadbeat, Cadillac-driving welfare queens who prefer making babies to gainful employment. As one of Senator Paul Ryan’s (R-Wisconsin) colleagues described his view, “Paul wants people to dream again….You don’t dream when you’ve got food stamps.”[xxxvi] The concept of food as a kind of psychological Botox that paralyzes one’s dreams for the future is quite novel. Ryan should be congratulated for this bold leap of imagination — if only the leap had landed in fact-based reality instead of the bog of fantasy. But Senator Rand Paul (R-Kentucky) agrees, contending that helping people secure food, shelter and other necessities is a “disservice” to the long-term unemployed, as if cutting off the funds they live on will magically produce a job.[xxxvii] These hunger-is-good-for-you arguments are blind to a fact that critics never mention: infants and children are involved. Lemon juice in action.

In this cherished theory, free food is such a logical disincentive to work that the concept is considered immune from disproof. But in fact the majority of SNAP recipients who can work do so.  Among SNAP households with at least one working-age, non-disabled adult, more than half work while receiving SNAP — and more than 80 percent work in the year prior to or the year after receiving SNAP.  The rates are even higher for families with children — more than 60 percent work while receiving SNAP, and almost 90 percent work in the prior or subsequent year.[xxxviii] The 90 percent return-to-work statistics following food stamp support suggests that nutrition assistance acts not as a disincentive to return to work, but helps people while they are searching for work.

Eric M. Bost, who served as President George W. Bush’s Undersecretary of Agriculture for Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services, testified before a House Committee, “The Food Stamp Program has also contributed to the success of welfare reform by supporting the transition from welfare to work. The reasons are easy to understand — if you are worried about your family’s next meal, it is hard to focus on your future. For many households, food stamps can mean the difference between living in poverty and moving beyond it. And for many, it has.”[xxxix]

You may be wondering why a medical journal such as Explore would engage in politically tinged controversies such as food stamps. The reason is simple and direct. Long-term data over decades show that nutrition assistance works in a variety of ways — economic, sociocultural, and medical. Statistics reveal that children with access to food stamps fare better by age 19 with a reduction in stunted growth, a lower incidence of heart disease, a reduction in obesity, and a higher completion rate of high school.[xl] Of the medical issues, more later.

I do not doubt the sincerity of those who disagree with this perspective. I do doubt their logic. Like McArthur Wheeler, they often make decisions based on partial or bogus information that is encrusted with conservative ideology — although what can possibly be conservative about denying food to children is beyond me. The anti-food stamp crusaders resemble the university students studied by Dunning and Kruger who were grammatically challenged, but who simply could not comprehend they were terrible at grammar. They are blind to their blindness: the lemon juice syndrome and the Dunning-Kruger malady.

This sort of blindness is not just metaphorical; it is reflected physically. Princeton University psychologist Susan T. Fiske performed fMRI brain scans on individuals while they were viewing photos of the poor and homeless. Their brains often reacted as if they were seeing things, not people. Her analysis suggests that Americans often react to poverty not with empathy, but with revulsion.[xli], [xlii] The revulsion is sometimes acted out violently — as when state representative Tom Brower took a radical approach to solving homelessness in Hawaii by roaming city streets, looking for shopping carts that homeless people use to transport their possessions, and destroying them with a sledgehammer.[xliii] Revulsion toward food stamp recipients is often marinated in hypocrisy. In 2013 Congressman Trey Radel (R-Florida) backed a Republican bill that would require food stamp recipients to undergo monthly urine drug testing to prove they were worthy. Shortly thereafter Radel achieved notoriety when he was busted for cocaine possession.[xliv]

Psychologist Fiske’s conclusions are supported by readers’ responses to an article on food stamp recipients by columnist Nicholas D. Kristof in the New York Times. One reader responded, “If kids are going hungry, it is because of the parents not upholding their responsibilities.” Another reader agreed: “Why should I have to subsidize someone else’s child? How about personal responsibility? If you procreate, you provide.” Another reader suggested an alternative to food stamps: forcibly taking these children from their parents and putting them in orphanages.[xlv] It would be difficult to find more unambiguous, full-throated expressions of social Darwinism.

Kristof gives a nod to John Rawls, “the brilliant 20th-century philosopher [who] argued for a society that seems fair if we consider it from behind a ‘veil of ignorance’ — meaning we don’t know whether we’ll be born to an investment banker or a teenage mom, in a leafy suburb or a gang-ridden inner city, healthy or disabled, smart or struggling, privileged or disadvantaged. That’s a shrewd analytical tool — and who among us would argue for food stamp cuts if we thought we might be among the hungry children?”[xlvi]

Economist Hilary W. Hoynes of the University of California at Berkeley and her colleagues Diane W. Schanzenbach and Douglas Almond have exposed the blindness associated with the current food stamp controversy. In their research paper “Long Run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net,” they report, “Our findings indicate that the food stamp program has effects decades after initial exposure. Specifically, access to food stamps in childhood leads to a significant reduction in the incidence of ‘metabolic syndrome’ (obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes) and, for women, an increase in economic self-sufficiency. Overall, our results suggest substantial internal and external benefits of the safety net that have not previously been quantified.”[xlvii] As one observer at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities noted, “Hoynes and her collaborators have really broadened our understanding of how programs like food stamps not only relieve hardship in the moment but can trigger long-lasting gains in participating children’s later health and education. The implications of the research are considerable. In this long view, such assistance is not only helping struggling families to scrape by, it’s a good investment in the next generation of citizens and workers.”[xlviii]

In a study from the University of California-San Francisco, researchers found that slashing monthly food stamp programs could cost more than it saves, because of a resulting increase in healthcare costs. The UCSF researchers found that California’s low-income population was more likely to be admitted to the hospital for hypoglycemia, a low-blood sugar condition linked to diabetic patients who continue to medicate while not eating enough. The risk for admission increased 27 percent in the last week of the month when food runs low, compared to the first week, while they observed no weekly difference among high-income Californians.“This is people going hungry, skipping meals and ending up in the hospital,” lead study author Hilary Seligman said of the low-income patients who may run out of food stamps at the end of each month. “From my perspective as a public health researcher, it’s cheaper to make sure people don’t get hungry than to deal with the far more expensive healthcare costs of not having access to food.”[xlix],[l]

A MORAL OUTRAGE

One thing I want to do is create something called Ring Around Congress. It would be a state deal and also a national thing, where the kids, as a field trip, will go and join hands around Congress and give the politicians report cards on how they’re voting on hunger issues. ~ Jeff Bridges[li]

I have emphasized hunger — especially the hunger of children — as an example of cultural blindness and anosognosia. For, in spite of the labyrinthine arguments that attempt to justify the nightly hunger of 17 million children, there is simply no justification for it. This gnawing realization exerts a painful torque on the national conscience that only food to the hungry can relieve.

Even if critics of nutrition assistance were right on every one of their specious allegations — that the cost is prohibitive, that food assistance sabotages the willingness to work, that fraud is rampant in the program, that food allowances are a disservice to the poor — even if all these contentions were valid, they would still ring hollow because widespread childhood hunger in a land of plenty is, always has been, and always will remain a moral outrage. The ultimate justification for nutrition assistance is simply that childhood hunger is deeply, morally wrong.

RACISM AND HUNGER

When you share your last crust of bread with a beggar, you mustn’t behave as if you were throwing a bone to a dog. You must give humbly, and thank him for allowing you to have a part in his hunger. ~ Giovannino Guareschi[lii]

The most horrific social blindness in our nation’s history was slavery. In signing our Constitution in 1787, the Founding Fathers asserted that all men are created equal, with equivalent claims to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. They simultaneously recognized slavery. Some of them realized that this contradiction could not stand. A few had the courage to say so; Benjamin Franklin is the shining example.In his later years he became a vocal abolitionist.

In the decades leading up to the Civil War, eloquent statesmen filled volumes justifying slavery with complex, ingenious arguments. The nation’s conscience could not be assuaged by this high-toned talk, however, because it was impossible to justify a practice that was being judged evil by an increasing number of Americans. But not even the bloodbath of the Civil War could wipe clean the stain of racism.

The stain lingers, and for this reason we should not pretend that racial prejudice does not infect our national debate about food assistance. Food aid has long been considered a black issue, despite the fact that, since the inception of the Food Stamp Program, the majority of recipients have always been native-born white people. According to 2010 census numbers, about 26 percent of food stamp recipients are African-American, while 49 percent are white and 20 percent are Hispanic.[liii]

There are parallels between slavery and our current struggle over food stamps. Perpetual hunger in children is a form of slavery, often condemning those affected to reduced circumstances for the rest of their life, including devastating health problems, as mentioned. Moreover, racial rhetoric in this debate never dies. When presidential candidate Newt Gingrich called President Obama “the food-stamp president” in 2012, this was a dog whistle to those enamored with the stereotype of the black welfare queen. Gingrich’s slur, said the conservative British magazine The Economist, “flatters the bigots, who … are roused by talk of food stamps and an underdeveloped taste for honest labour….”[liv]

Is has long been so. As Joel Berg, Executive Director of the New York City Coalition Against Hunger, writes, many of the strongest supporters of racial segregation in the 1960s were also the fiercest opponents of increasing government support for anti-hunger programs. Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, a leading segregationist, almost succeeded in halting efforts to require the federal government to measure hunger, saying, “There has been hunger since the time of Jesus Christ and there always will be.” Thurmond neglected to mention that Jesus practiced nutritional assistance by feeding the hungry multitude. Powerful House Agriculture Appropriations Chair Jamie Whitten from Mississippi complained to Senator George McGovern that, if “hunger was not a problem, nigras won’t work,” and that McGovern was promoting revolution by seeking an improvement in food stamp benefits, which Whitten thought would be used for “frivolity and wine.” Whitten even opposed expansion of the School Lunch Program to many of the nation’s poorest jurisdictions that did not yet have such programs. Conservatives supporting welfare reductions in Wisconsin in the late 1960s called welfare recipients “gorillas.” In the 1996 welfare reform debate on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives, a Congressman held up a sign that said, “Do Not Feed the Alligators.” [lv]

A single hungry child is a telling rebuke to a thousand rants in Congress about the evils of nutrition assistance. Hunger should not be a partisan issue but a moral one bridging all political divisions. It comes down to what we value. What do we care about? What merits our nation’s expenditures? We can take a hint from President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who said, “Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired, signifies in the final sense a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed.”[lvi]

COMING CLEAN

I acknowlege that the anosognosia sword cuts in all directions. We are all susceptible to blindness, unable to comprehend our ineptness and irrational beliefs. I often find myself wondering what personal blindness I don’t recognize. Will I ever know? Can I ever know? Still and all, we are not equally ignorant; some of Dunning and Kruger’s university students were better at grammar than others. The argument of equivalent stupidity in the form of the oft-heard rationalization that “everybody does it” fails. This argument says, “If I’m blind, then so are you, so stop criticizing,” as if across-the-board blindness cancels itself out. This ignores the plain fact that both psychological and physical blindness vary in degree. It can be partial or total, temporary or permanent, curable or incurable.

Our lemon juice does not wash off easily, but it can be removed. The best soap for the job is hard facts, such as the long-term data on food stamp outcomes assembled by economist Hoynes and her colleagues, and the UCSF study on medical costs resulting from hunger and food shortages. Our irrationalities can be upgraded and our sight regained. But this is difficult because the illogic that appealed to us in the first place is comforting and brings with it a sense of personal accomplishment and superiority. It affirms our unexamined prejudices — often without a glimmer of awareness on our part.

But it is surely better if we remove the lemon juice, no matter how difficult, than suffer what awaits us — the arrival of Wheeler’s “cops” in the form of the merciless consequences of our stupidities.

FOOD AID: AS AMERICAN AS PILGRIMS

The lemon juice syndrome prevents the awareness of one’s inadequacy and protects one’s irrationality and illogic — temporarily.

We are approaching a reckoning in many areas of our cultural debates that have enormous, even planetary, consequences. As my Explore colleague, columnist Stephan A. Schwartz, has pointed out, there are critical areas in which blindness is rampant. Among them are biological evolution, the nonlocality of consciousness, global climate change, and the American healthcare system, whose inadequacy is increasingly obvious, as repeatedly judged by objective measures year after year.[lvii],[lviii]

There is a pattern. Generally speaking, Americans who, under the rubric of conservatism, oppose nutrition assistance to children also tend to deny the looming devastation of global climate change, the human costs of an inept healthcare system, the negative consequences of a constricted view of consciousness, and the dangerous costs of denying biological evolution. Currently the price of admission to certain political alliances in America depends on whether the individual is willing to deny all these challenges. This is very troubling. It suggests that sociocultural anosognosia works like an autoimmune disease with multi-system involvement, affecting not one organ but the entire body. But therein lies an advantage: it may not be necessary to treat each organ separately to effect a cure, but the underlying autoimmune process itself.

In the narrative I’m offering, this means shifting one’s worldview so that a cascade of solutions can then fall into place. What is that worldview? It is a perspective that is held in place by two pillars: evidence and caring.

Simone Weil wrote, “It is an eternal obligation toward the human being not to let him suffer from hunger when one has a chance of coming to his assistance.” [lix]

Our nation grew out of this principle. During the first terrible winter after landing at Plymouth Rock in 1620, many of the Pilgrims and their children were saved from starvation by the food given them by Native Americans. It was our first supplemental nutrition assistance program. Our national narrative and legendry were set in motion by this act of lifesaving food aid. We should not abandon this noble tradition, but honor it.

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Image by jh_tan84, courtesy of Creative Commons license.

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4-AcO-DMT Guide: Benefits, Effects, Safety, and Legality
This guide tells you everything about 4 AcO DMT & 5 MeO DMT, that belong to the tryptamine class, and are similar but slightly different to DMT.

How Much Does LSD Cost? When shopping around for that magical psychedelic substance, there can be many uncertainties when new to buying LSD. You may be wondering how much does LSD cost? In this article, we will discuss what to expect when purchasing LSD on the black market, what forms LSD is sold in, and the standard breakdown of buying LSD in quantity.   Navy Use of LSD on the Dark Web The dark web is increasingly popular for purchasing illegal substances. The US Navy has now noticed this trend with their staff. Read to learn more.   Having Sex on LSD: What You Need to Know Can you have sex on LSD? Read our guide to learn everything about sex on acid, from lowered inhibitions to LSD users quotes on sex while tripping.   A Drug That Switches off an LSD Trip A pharmaceutical company is developing an “off-switch” drug for an LSD trip, in the case that a bad trip can happen. Some would say there is no such thing.   Queen of Hearts: An Interview with Liz Elliot on Tim Leary and LSD The history of psychedelia, particularly the British experience, has been almost totally written by men. Of the women involved, especially those who were in the thick of it, little has been written either by or about them. A notable exception is Liz Elliot.   LSD Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety LSD, Lysergic acid diethylamide, or just acid is one of the most important psychedelics ever discovered. What did history teach us?   Microdosing LSD & Common Dosage Explained Microdosing, though imperceivable, is showing to have many health benefits–here is everything you want to know about microdosing LSD.   LSD Resources Curious to learn more about LSD? This guide includes comprehensive LSD resources containing books, studies and more.   LSD as a Spiritual Aid There is common consent that the evolution of mankind is paralleled by the increase and expansion of consciousness. From the described process of how consciousness originates and develops, it becomes evident that its growth depends on its faculty of perception. Therefore every means of improving this faculty should be used.   Legendary LSD Blotter Art: A Hidden Craftsmanship Have you ever heard of LSD blotter art? Explore the trippy world of LSD art and some of the top artists of LSD blotter art.   LSD and Exercise: Does it Work? LSD and exercise? Learn why high-performing athletes are taking hits of LSD to improve their overall potential.   Jan Bastiaans Treated Holocaust Survivors with LSD Dutch psychiatrist, Jan Bastiaans administered LSD-assisted therapy to survivors of the Holocaust. A true war hero and pioneer of psychedelic-therapy.   LSD and Spiritual Awakening I give thanks for LSD, which provided the opening that led me to India in 1971 and brought me to Neem Karoli Baba, known as Maharajji. Maharajji is described by the Indians as a “knower of hearts.”   How LSD is Made: Everything You Need to Know Ever wonder how to make LSD? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how LSD is made.   How to Store LSD: Best Practices Learn the best way to store LSD, including the proper temperature and conditions to maximize how long LSD lasts when stored.   Bicycle Day: The Discovery of LSD Every year on April 19th, psychonauts join forces to celebrate Bicycle Day. Learn about the famous day when Albert Hoffman first discovered the effects of LSD.   Cary Grant: A Hollywood Legend On LSD Cary Grant was a famous actor during the 1930’s-60’s But did you know Grant experimented with LSD? Read our guide to learn more.   Albert Hofmann: LSD — My Problem Child Learn about Albert Hofmann and his discovery of LSD, along with the story of Bicycle Day and why it marks a historic milestone.   Babies are High: What Does LSD Do To Your Brain What do LSD and babies have in common? Researchers at the Imperial College in London discover that an adult’s brain on LSD looks like a baby’s brain.   1P LSD: Effects, Benefits, Safety Explained 1P LSD is an analogue of LSD and homologue of ALD-25. Here is everything you want to know about 1P LSD and how it compares to LSD.   Francis Crick, DNA & LSD Type ‘Francis Crick LSD’ into Google, and the result will be 30,000 links. Many sites claim that Crick (one of the two men responsible for discovering the structure of DNA), was either under the influence of LSD at the time of his revelation or used the drug to help with his thought processes during his research. Is this true?   What Happens If You Overdose on LSD? A recent article presented three individuals who overdosed on LSD. Though the experience was unpleasant, the outcomes were remarkably positive.

The Ayahuasca Experience
Ayahuasca is both a medicine and a visionary aid. You can employ ayahuasca for physical, mental, emotional and spiritual repair, and you can engage with the power of ayahuasca for deeper insight and realization. If you consider attainment of knowledge in the broadest perspective, you can say that at all times, ayahuasca heals.

 

Trippy Talk: Meet Ayahuasca with Sitaramaya Sita and PlantTeachers
Sitaramaya Sita is a spiritual herbalist, pusangera, and plant wisdom practitioner formally trained in the Shipibo ayahuasca tradition.

 

The Therapeutic Value of Ayahuasca
My best description of the impact of ayahuasca is that it’s a rocket boost to psychospiritual growth and unfolding, my professional specialty during my thirty-five years of private practice.

 

Microdosing Ayahuasca: Common Dosage Explained
What is ayahuasca made of and what is considered a microdose? Explore insights with an experienced Peruvian brewmaster and learn more about this practice.

 

Ayahuasca Makes Neuron Babies in Your Brain
Researchers from Beckley/Sant Pau Research Program have shared the latest findings in their study on the effects of ayahuasca on neurogenesis.

 

The Fatimiya Sufi Order and Ayahuasca
In this interview, the founder of the Fatimiya Sufi Order,  N. Wahid Azal, discusses the history and uses of plant medicines in Islamic and pre-Islamic mystery schools.

 

Consideration Ayahuasca for Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Research indicates that ayahuasca mimics mechanisms of currently accepted treatments for PTSD. In order to understand the implications of ayahuasca treatment, we need to understand how PTSD develops.

 

Brainwaves on Ayahuasca: A Waking Dream State
In a study researchers shared discoveries showing ingredients found in Ayahuasca impact the brainwaves causing a “waking dream” state.

 

Cannabis and Ayahuasca: Mixing Entheogenic Plants
Cannabis and Ayahuasca: most people believe they shouldn’t be mixed. Read this personal experience peppered with thoughts from a pro cannabis Peruvian Shaman.

 

Ayahuasca Retreat 101: Everything You Need to Know to Brave the Brew
Ayahuasca has been known to be a powerful medicinal substance for millennia. However, until recently, it was only found in the jungle. Word of its deeply healing and cleansing properties has begun to spread across the world as many modern, Western individuals are seeking spiritual, mental, emotional, and physical well-being. More ayahuasca retreat centers are emerging in the Amazon and worldwide to meet the demand.

 

Ayahuasca Helps with Grief
A new study published in psychopharmacology found that ayahuasca helped those suffering from the loss of a loved one up to a year after treatment.

 

Ayahuasca Benefits: Clinical Improvements for Six Months
Ayahuasca benefits can last six months according to studies. Read here to learn about the clinical improvements from drinking the brew.

 

Ayahuasca Culture: Indigenous, Western, And The Future
Ayahuasca has been use for generations in the Amazon. With the rise of retreats and the brew leaving the rainforest how is ayahuasca culture changing?

 

Ayahuasca Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
The Amazonian brew, Ayahuasca has a long history and wide use. Read our guide to learn all about the tea from its beginnings up to modern-day interest.

 

Ayahuasca and the Godhead: An Interview with Wahid Azal of the Fatimiya Sufi Order
Wahid Azal, a Sufi mystic of The Fatimiya Sufi Order and an Islamic scholar, talks about entheogens, Sufism, mythology, and metaphysics.

 

Ayahuasca and the Feminine: Women’s Roles, Healing, Retreats, and More
Ayahuasca is lovingly called “grandmother” or “mother” by many. Just how feminine is the brew? Read to learn all about women and ayahuasca.

What Is the Standard of Care for Ketamine Treatments?
Ketamine therapy is on the rise in light of its powerful results for treatment-resistant depression. But, what is the current standard of care for ketamine? Read to find out.

What Is Dissociation and How Does Ketamine Create It?
Dissociation can take on multiple forms. So, what is dissociation like and how does ketamine create it? Read to find out.

Having Sex on Ketamine: Getting Physical on a Dissociative
Curious about what it could feel like to have sex on a dissociate? Find out all the answers in our guide to sex on ketamine.

Special K: The Party Drug
Special K refers to Ketamine when used recreationally. Learn the trends as well as safety information around this substance.

Kitty Flipping: When Ketamine and Molly Meet
What is it, what does it feel like, and how long does it last? Read to explore the mechanics of kitty flipping.

Ketamine vs. Esketamine: 3 Important Differences Explained
Ketamine and esketamine are used to treat depression. But what’s the difference between them? Read to learn which one is right for you: ketamine vs. esketamine.

Guide to Ketamine Treatments: Understanding the New Approach
Ketamine is becoming more popular as more people are seeing its benefits. Is ketamine a fit? Read our guide for all you need to know about ketamine treatments.

Ketamine Treatment for Eating Disorders
Ketamine is becoming a promising treatment for various mental health conditions. Read to learn how individuals can use ketamine treatment for eating disorders.

Ketamine Resources, Studies, and Trusted Information
Curious to learn more about ketamine? This guide includes comprehensive ketamine resources containing books, studies and more.

Ketamine Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
Our ultimate guide to ketamine has everything you need to know about this “dissociative anesthetic” and how it is being studied for depression treatment.

Ketamine for Depression: A Mental Health Breakthrough
While antidepressants work for some, many others find no relief. Read to learn about the therapeutic uses of ketamine for depression.

Ketamine for Addiction: Treatments Offering Hope
New treatments are offering hope to individuals suffering from addiction diseases. Read to learn how ketamine for addiction is providing breakthrough results.

Microdosing Ketamine & Common Dosages Explained
Microdosing, though imperceivable, is showing to have many health benefits–here is everything you want to know about microdosing ketamine.

How to Ease a Ketamine Comedown
Knowing what to expect when you come down from ketamine can help integrate the experience to gain as much value as possible.

How to Store Ketamine: Best Practices
Learn the best ways how to store ketamine, including the proper temperature and conditions to maximize how long ketamine lasts when stored.

How To Buy Ketamine: Is There Legal Ketamine Online?
Learn exactly where it’s legal to buy ketamine, and if it’s possible to purchase legal ketamine on the internet.

How Long Does Ketamine Stay in Your System?
How long does ketamine stay in your system? Are there lasting effects on your body? Read to discover the answers!

How Ketamine is Made: Everything You Need to Know
Ever wonder how to make Ketamine? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how Ketamine is made.

Colorado on Ketamine: First Responders Waiver Programs
Fallout continues after Elijah McClain. Despite opposing recommendations from some city council, Colorado State Health panel recommends the continued use of ketamine by medics for those demonstrating “excited delirium” or “extreme agitation”.

Types of Ketamine: Learn the Differences & Uses for Each
Learn about the different types of ketamine and what they are used for—and what type might be right for you. Read now to find out!

Kitty Flipping: When Ketamine and Molly Meet
What is it, what does it feel like, and how long does it last? Read to explore the mechanics of kitty flipping.

MDMA & Ecstasy Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
Our ultimate guide to MDMA has everything you want to know about Ecstasy from how it was developed in 1912 to why it’s being studied today.

How To Get the Most out of Taking MDMA as a Couple
Taking MDMA as a couple can lead to exciting experiences. Read here to learn how to get the most of of this love drug in your relationship.

Common MDMA Dosage & Microdosing Explained
Microdosing, though imperceivable, is showing to have many health benefits–here is everything you want to know about microdosing MDMA.

Having Sex on MDMA: What You Need to Know
MDMA is known as the love drug… Read our guide to learn all about sex on MDMA and why it is beginning to makes its way into couple’s therapy.

How MDMA is Made: Common Procedures Explained
Ever wonder how to make MDMA? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how MDMA is made.

Hippie Flipping: When Shrooms and Molly Meet
What is it, what does it feel like, and how long does it last? Explore the mechanics of hippie flipping and how to safely experiment.

How Cocaine is Made: Common Procedures Explained
Ever wonder how to make cocaine? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how cocaine is made.

A Christmas Sweater with Santa and Cocaine
This week, Walmart came under fire for a “Let it Snow” Christmas sweater depicting Santa with lines of cocaine. Columbia is not merry about it.

Ultimate Cocaine Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
This guide covers what you need to know about Cocaine, including common effects and uses, legality, safety precautions and top trends today.

NEWS: An FDA-Approved Cocaine Nasal Spray
The FDA approved a cocaine nasal spray called Numbrino, which has raised suspicions that the pharmaceutical company, Lannett Company Inc., paid off the FDA..

The Ultimate Guide to Cannabis Bioavailability
What is bioavailability and how can it affect the overall efficacy of a psychedelic substance? Read to learn more.

Cannabis Research Explains Sociability Behaviors
New research by Dr. Giovanni Marsicano shows social behavioral changes occur as a result of less energy available to the neurons. Read here to learn more.

The Cannabis Shaman
If recreational and medical use of marijuana is becoming accepted, can the spiritual use as well? Experiential journalist Rak Razam interviews Hamilton Souther, founder of the 420 Cannabis Shamanism movement…

Cannabis Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
Our ultimate guide to Cannabis has everything you want to know about this popular substances that has psychedelic properties.

Cannabis and Ayahuasca: Mixing Entheogenic Plants
Cannabis and Ayahuasca: most people believe they shouldn’t be mixed. Read this personal experience peppered with thoughts from a procannabis Peruvian Shaman.

CBD-Rich Cannabis Versus Single-Molecule CBD
A ground-breaking study has documented the superior therapeutic properties of whole plant Cannabis extract as compared to synthetic cannabidiol (CBD), challenging the medical-industrial complex’s notion that “crude” botanical preparations are less effective than single-molecule compounds.

Cannabis Has Always Been a Medicine
Modern science has already confirmed the efficacy of cannabis for most uses described in the ancient medical texts, but prohibitionists still claim that medical cannabis is “just a ruse.”

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