Psilocybin Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety

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Psilocybin is a psychedelic prodrug that is widely known for its entheogen properties and found in over 200 species of mushrooms. Fungi, as a species, have played a crucial role in cultivating the earth. They were one of the first complex life forms to develop on land, helped mammals survive after an asteroid wiped out nearly all life on earth 65 million years ago, and may be the oldest evolutionary line leading directly to humans. Terence McKenna, an ethnobotanist, even believed the evolution from Homo erectus to Homo sapien was a direct result of humans eating mushrooms that contain psilocybin.

In the 1950s and 1960s, psilocybin emerged into mainstream medicine and culture. In 1957, Time Magazine published R. Gordon Wasson’s seminal essay titled “Seeking the Magic Mushroom.” Then Timothy Leary, a leading advocate of psilocybin during the 1960s counterculture movement, propelled the recreational use of mushrooms in the 60s and 70s through the “Harvard Psilocybin Project.” The first psilocybin pills made for the purposes of scientific research, however, were developed at the end of the 1950s. Studies would continue to show that psilocybin had the potential to treat a variety of disorders until the FDA banned its use in 1971. Today it is one of the most used psychedelics throughout the world.

What You Will Learn About Psilocybin

  • Psilocybin mushrooms are fungi that contain psilocybin. Most of these fungi also contain baeocystin and psilocin.
  • Psilocybin spores are used to cultivate mushrooms.
  • Currently, psilocybin is being researched for its potential to help with a variety of mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, addictions, and OCD.
  • Psilocybin is classified as a psychedelic serotonergic tryptamine. When consumed it produces a psychedelic effect through its metabolite, psilocin.
  • Psilocin then binds to various serotonin receptors altering one’s perception of reality.
  • Common effects of psilocybin include euphoria, closed and open eye visuals, altered sense of reality, distorted sense of time, spiritual experiences, nausea, and anxiety.

Overview

Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug. It metabolizes almost immediately into an active compound, which is psilocin in this case. While it can be found in over 200 species of fungi, the most potent and most commonly used species are within the Psilocybe genus. Most of these psilocybin mushrooms also contain baeocystin, a psilocybin analog, and psilocin. Many scientists even believe psilocybin mushrooms were the first psychoactive substance that prehistoric humans consumed and catalyzed our evolution from Homo erectus to Homo sapien.

What is Psilocybin

Psilocybin is a naturally occurring tryptamine alkaloid found in a wide range of fungi. Besides the genus Psilocybe, there is a wide range of other genera that also contain psilocybin such as Panaeolus, Inocybe, Gymnopilus and others. All mushrooms from these genera contain psilocybin.

Once ingested, the liver and stomach metabolize it into psilocin, an active psychoactive compound. This produces a psychedelic effect similar to that of LSD, mescaline, and DMT with strong entheogenic properties. Typically, it begins to take effect in 20-40 minutes and lasts about 6 hours. Psilocybin, like many other tryptamines, stays in your system anywhere from 24 hours to a few days. Psilocybin can be used for microdosing as well.

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Street Name 

  • Magic mushrooms
  • Psilocybin mushrooms
  • Psychedelic mushrooms
  • Shrooms 
  • Caps

Scientific Name

PSILOCYBIN PNG MOLECULE

Psilocybin is a psychedelic serotonergic tryptamine, which places it in the same category as DMT. As a matter of fact, they are almost structurally identical, with the main difference being that psilocybin contains phosphate group and DMT does not. Unlike DMT however, psilocybin does not require an MAOI to activate the substance when ingested orally. This means it can be consumed without any preparation.

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Forms & Ways of Consumption

*Picking mushrooms from their natural habitat can be dangerous. Typically only well-trained mushroom pickers can differentiate between species. The misidentification of mushrooms can sometimes cause sickness or even death when consumed.

Psilocybin is a compound that exists in more than 200 different species of mushrooms. One can consume psilocybin in its pure form (crystal) psilocybin but typically, one simply consumes a psilocybin mushroom by eating the dried bodies of the Psilocybe cubensis fungus. This is the most popular species because it provides the highest yields of dry material when cultivated. In some parts of the world, the fungi can also produce sclerotia, or truffles, such as P. tampanensis or P. mexicana. These truffles have become popular because they’re legal in certain countries.

Some users prefer fresh mushrooms over dried mushrooms because some believe that the drying process reduces potency. There isn’t any scientific research to support these claims but most in the psychedelic community have experienced this to be true. Fresh P. cubensis can contain as much as double the psilocybin than dried P. cubensis for example. This loss in potency is likely from oxidation during the drying process.

Shroom Tea and Lemon Tek

Besides eating the mushrooms dry or fresh, some users make simple extractions in the form of a tea. One of the most popular extraction methods is to grind up the mushrooms then boil them in water for 15 minutes. After pouring this water into a cup, make a second water extraction by boiling the same mushroom material in another cup of freshwater for an additional 15 minutes. Some people add lemon juice to this mixture, which is called Lemon Tek. The citric acid in the lemon juice helps the body speed up absorption, allowing for a quicker onset for the psilocybin/psilocin.

History

The rich history of psilocybin predates recorded history. Some scientists believe that its use dates back to a time before our evolution from Homo erectus to Homo sapien. Murals from as early as 9000 BCE from the Sahara Desert depict dancers with geometric designs holding mushrooms above their heads. These geometric designs are consistent with the visuals many users describe having after consuming psilocybin. From prehistoric tribes to the Aztecs and Mayans, psilocybin mushrooms have continued to play a key role in developing communities and religious ceremonies throughout most of the world.

In recent years, there has been a rapid expansion into research for its potential medicinal uses. One study from 2018 collected the results from a wide variety of earlier studies from 1992 to 2018. This study shows the substance’s potential to treat a variety of mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, OCD, and alcohol and tobacco addictions. Ronald R. Griffiths is also leading a new wave of research into psilocybin. In one of his studies released in 2016, he highlighted its potential to help patients with life-threatening illnesses battle depression and anxiety associated with that illness. This new wave of research sprung from a change in legislation in 1992 that eased restrictions on research into the substance.

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Indigenous Uses

In Northern Algeria, drawings were found that date back to as early as 7000 BCE depicting human figures covered in mushrooms. There have also been several discoveries of temples dedicated to “mushroom gods” in Mexico and Guatemala. In central Mexico, the Mixtec culture worshipped a specific god named Piltzintecuhtli who represented all hallucinatory plants — including the magic mushroom. Often, he is depicted kneeling while holding up mushrooms. Many other groups worshipped similar gods who represented hallucinogenic plants, including the Aztec god Xōchipilli.

In the mid 16th century, a Spanish priest named Bernardino de Sahagún observed and recorded the Aztecs ingesting hallucinogenic mushrooms in his Florentine Codes. He described how merchants would celebrate a successful trip by consuming psilocybin mushrooms once they returned. As he wrote: “The first thing to be eaten at the feast were small black mushrooms that bring on drunkenness.” A Dominican friar, Diego Durán, reported his experience witnessing the Aztecs celebrating an accession of the throne during which many consumed psilocybin mushrooms. This was in his book The History of the Indies of New Spain.

Psilocybin mushroom consumption drastically decreased once the Spanish defeated the Aztecs in the Spanish-Mexica War. The Spanish banned anyone from consuming entheogens as they considered it too similar to pagan traditions. However, this did not completely stop the Indians of Mesoamerica from continuing their traditions. They would still practice their traditional ceremonies, only now they had to do so in hiding from the Spanish authorities for the next four centuries.

Modern Day Discovery

In the 1930s, an anthropologist named Robert Weitlaner observed a Mazatec mushroom ceremony, and later sent samples of the mushrooms to Dr. Blas Pablo Reko, an Austrian botanist. Dr. Reko then forwarded the samples to Stockholm and Harvard for examination in order to confirm the existence and use of “hallucinogenic mushrooms” in foreign cultures. Unfortunately, by the time the samples had reached Harvard and Stockholm, they were in the process of decay.

It wasn’t until the 1950s that the mycologist R. Gordon Wasson traveled to Huautle de Jimenez to observe a ceremony, and later obtained Psilocybe caerulescens during another ceremony. In 1957, Wasson wrote an essay titled “Seeking the Magic Mushroom” in which he recounts his experience taking magic mushrooms in one of the Mazatec rituals he visited. Wasson is noted for being one of the first westerners to participate in a Mazatec ritual and record his findings. This essay then appeared in an issue of Life magazine, featured in the “Great Adventures” series.

In 1956, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals began working to extract the active ingredient in mushrooms. It was none other than Albert Hofmann himself (the scientist who first synthesized and ingested LSD) who isolated psilocybin and psilocin and developed a synthesis technique. Hofmann published the synthesis of psilocybin in 1959.

Important Events, Findings, Studies

A decade or more of extremely promising medical research was conducted using psilocybin before the FDA banned it in 1971. In the late 50s and early 60s, researchers became interested in psilocybin mushrooms to treat various disorders such as alcoholism, depression, and addiction. 

In this first phase of research, most researchers discovered how suggestible the psychedelic experience was based on each volunteer’s description of their psilocybin experience (keep in mind we did not have the advanced neuroimaging devices to observe human brains on psilocybin like we have today). Timothy Leary documented these experiences during the Harvard Psilocybin Project. He conducted a number of experiments where he administered psilocybin to various individuals and documented their experiences.

Shortly after Hofmann first extracted psilocybin in the late 50s, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals began producing psilocybin pills, each of which contained 2 mg of psilocybin. Most studies on psilocybin used these pills prior to the FDA ban. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals also sold the pills worldwide to physicians and clinicians for use in psychedelic psychotherapy. During this time there was not a single report of serious complications related to using psilocybin during psychotherapy sessions.

Recently, researchers have been able to study the effects of psilocybin on the human brain more than ever due to new neuroimaging technology and a recent renaissance of psychedelic research.

Timothy Leary and Magic Mushrooms

Shortly after tripping on psilocybin mushrooms in the 1960s, Timothy Leary became the first to ingest pure psilocybin in the form of the Sandoz psilocybin pills. Leary’s profound psilocybin experiences pushed him and his partner, Richard Alpert, to start the Harvard Psilocybin Project. With this project, they performed a series of experiments with Harvard graduate students on psilocybin including the Good Friday Experiment, Concord Prison Experiment, and Marsh Chapel Experiment.

Good Friday

In his most famous experiment, the Good Friday Experiment, 20 students took psilocybin and reported their experiences. Later on, Rick Doblin (the founder of MAPS) conducted a follow-up of the study and found something notable. Leary had failed to mention that one student experienced intense anxiety, and needed restraining as a result.

Concord Prison Experiment

His Concord Prison Experiment studied psilocybin’s use in psychedelic psychotherapy as a potential way to reduce recidivism in inmates. This experiment was conducted on 32 inmates from 1961 to 1963. On average, Concord State Prison saw 62% of their inmates return to prison within six months of parole. Of those 32 inmates that were a part of this experiment, only 25% returned to prison within six months of parole.

Marsh Chapel Experiment

Leary’s Marsh Chapel Experiment administered psilocybin to graduate students at the Harvard Divinity School to see if it could facilitate profound religious experiences. This study was only performed on ten individuals, but all ten reported that they had had a profound religious experience while under the effects of psilocybin.

Following the work of Alpert and Leary from Harvard, recreational use of magic mushrooms skyrocketed — particularly among college students. This resulted in the US banning the possession of psilocybin in 1968. In 1970, the Controlled Substance Act was passed, which categorized drugs into a scheduled system. Most hallucinogens (including psilocybin) were in Schedule I, meaning they were classified as having no medical value and possessing a high potential for abuse. 

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Laws and Legal Status

Is Psilocybin Legal in the US?

The government enacted a ban on the possession of psilocybin and psilocin in 1968. In 1970, psilocybin and psilocin were listed as Schedule I drugs. In the US, Denver, Oakland, Chicago, Ann Arbor, and Santa Cruz have decriminalized the possession of magic mushrooms, but selling mushrooms is still prohibited. In 2020, Oregon legalized psilocybin, and the District of Columbia decriminalized the use of magic mushrooms.

Is Psilocybin Legal in Europe?

  • It is illegal to sell and transport psilocybin from Austria. Possession has been decriminalized, and cultivation is legal as long as the mushrooms are not intended for consumption. Those caught with possession of mushrooms intended for personal use may be required to undergo free therapy.
  • In Portugal, psilocybin mushrooms are illegal but decriminalized.  Individuals caught with amounts intended for personal use may be required to go to rehabilitation or therapy.
  • In the Netherlands, psilocybin mushrooms are legal in the form of truffles.  
  • Consistent with UN Policy, psilocybin is illegal in Italy; however, psilocybe mushrooms are decriminalized. Grow kits and spores are legal to sell and obtain, but administrative punishments such as losing your driver’s license may be the consequence of getting caught with mushrooms.
  • Spain decriminalized personal possession and consumption of psilocybin mushrooms, whereas psilocybin itself remains illegal. Cultivation and sale is illegal, and the legality of spores and grow kits is vague.

The Legality of Psilocybin in the Rest of the World

  • The British Virgin Islands allows possession and cultivation of psilocybin mushrooms. Although it is illegal (but unenforced) to sell or transport them. 
  • Possession, sale, transport, and cultivation of psilocybin mushrooms are all legal in Jamaica. Jamaica openly sells psilocybin mushrooms. 
  • It is legal to possess, sell, transport, and cultivate magic mushrooms in Brazil. Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as illegal, however, the mushrooms themselves are not considered illegal.
  • Possession of magic mushrooms is illegal in Mexico, although there’s no enforcement if the magic mushrooms are in indigenous cultures. Cultivation of mushrooms is illegal unless the mushrooms are grown in the wild. Sale and transport are illegal. 
  • Magic mushrooms are legal in Samoa.
  • As of 2018, they are illegal in Vietnam.

Pharmacology 

Psilocybin is a substance that belongs to the group of hallucinogenic tryptamines. Psilocybin’s active metabolite is psilocin. When ingested, psilocin acts primarily on the serotonergic neurotransmitters. It primarily acts on the 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors located in the brain with slightly lower activity on the 5-HT2A receptors. This activity causes increased concentrations of dopamine in the basal ganglia which creates the euphoria and altered sense of reality users experience when taking psilocybin.

The DMN (Default Mode Network) Hypothesis

The Default Mode Network, or DMN, is an interconnected network of interacting regions in the brain. When a person performs an activity, it triggers certain areas in the brain. The DMN is most active at rest. It is a specific part of your brain that is always on when you are awake but turns off when you’re sleeping. Studies indicate that psilocybin turns off this part of the brain as well. Deactivation of the DMN causes a person to question their everyday activities and lose their sense of reality. Some believe that this deactivation causes many to understand why they do the things they do on a daily basis, leading them to question and further understand what motivates their behavior.

The location of the 5-HT2A receptors may explain how and why psychedelics affect the DMN. A large part of DMN is located in the neocortex where these receptors are located. The neocortex controls sensory perception, cognition, motor commands, spatial reasoning, and language. Studies show that dysmorphic alcohol-exposed adults had significantly higher activity within the DMN. Deactivating the DMN could explain why some users report psilocybin helps treat addiction. Its control over cognition could be how activation of the 5-HT2A receptors causes the deactivation of the DMN. One study demonstrates that the psychotomimetic effects of psilocybin can be blocked completely by using a preferential 5-HT2A receptor antagonist called ketanserin.

Study

A recent study by Dr. Robin Carhart-Harris shows that psilocybin dramatically reduces cerebral blood flow (CBF) to the default mode network (DMN). The same study also found that psilocybin decreased coupling between the medial temporal lobes and the DMN. He came up with the hypothesis that decreased MTL-DMN coupling is necessary to transition into primary consciousness.

According to Harris’s findings, there are six clear effects: (1) the psychedelics stimulate the 5-HT2​A receptor, (2) the deep layer of pyramidal neurons depolarize, (3) cortical activity will then become desynchronized, (4) brain networks “disintegrate”, (5) network metastability increases, (6) connectivity motifs within a limbic/paralimbic network increase. 

The net effect of all these processes is an increase in overall entropy. This moves the brain toward a point of “criticality,” and relieves the structures of narrow/restrained thinking. This is the primary reason that psychedelic therapies are showing tremendous positive therapeutic effects. These effects express themselves in patients who experience conditions such as alcoholism, depression, OCD, and anxiety. Professionals understand that in order for these effects to be beneficial and treat a condition, the transition to and out of primary consciousness must be mediated by professional therapeutic care.

Toxicity

Before we can discuss whether or not psilocybin is toxic, we first need to define what makes a substance toxic. Toxicity is defined based on the levels of exposure required for a substance to cause harm to a human or animal. The level of toxicity is measured based on the mushroom dose required to cause harm to a human. Even water can be toxic in too high of a dose and lethal snake venom can be non-toxic in a small enough dose. LD50 is a common measurement of toxicity, which measures the lethal dose for half of the tested organisms.

Something is toxic when it harms cells and/or bodily tissues. After taking psilocybin, animals did have any tissue damage. Furthermore, no record exists of any neurophysiological adverse effects after healthy adult volunteers ingested psilocybin. On the contrary, there have been multiple studies that report positive neurological effects after the administration of psilocybin.

Psilocybin is one of the “safest” drugs within the psychedelic community. Users of MDMA, LSD, cocaine, marijuana, opiates, sedatives, antidepressants, methamphetamine, and NSAIDs, have all shown higher emergency hospital admission than psilocybin users. The estimation is that a 130 lb person would have to consume a whopping 3.7 lbs of psilocybin to be a lethal dose. This statistic is based on experiments done with rats and psilocybin mushrooms.

See our microdosing psilocybin guide for an in-depth review of dosage guidelines.

Interactions

Psilocybin, as is true with every other serotonergic psychedelic, is a vasoconstrictor to a certain degree. This means that it can be unpleasant or dangerous to mix it with other vasoconstrictors. However, some users mix smaller doses of psilocybin with MDMA or LSD. The combination of LSD, MDMA, and psilocybin is what the community calls a “Jedi Flip”. Users refer to the combination of psilocybin and MDMA as a “Hippy Flip”. 

When psychedelic substances are mixed with other substances they produce a “synergic action”. This can increase the positive effects of each substance, and lower the challenging effects. However, when taken in combination, users reduce the dosage of all of them. They usually take half or one-third of the amount of a common dose.

Magic mushrooms mix well with MAOI, a “monoamine oxidase inhibitor” such as harmine. Psychedelic substance users mix mushrooms with plants that contain MAOI, such as banisteriopsis caapi or peganum harmala. MAOIs usually increase and prolong the effects of tryptamines. Sometimes cacao can replace stronger MAOIs, as it is a less potent MAOI. According to reports, however, mixing SSRI antidepressants with psilocybin can reduce the effects of psilocybin. Not enough research however currently exists on this issue.

Safety

Can You Overdose on psilocybin? 

Technically, yes. The estimated lethal dose of p. cubensis for a 130 lb human is 3.7 lb of dried mushrooms. 

Is Psilocybin Dangerous?

At the forefront of concern within the psychedelic community, is a person’s predisposition to any mental illnesses that are in the family history. Psilocybin and other psychedelics may trigger psychosis. “Set and setting” (coined by Timothy Leary) is a real phenomenon that can greatly impact the feelings, safety, and insights of a psychedelic experience. An emphasis on set and setting is paramount in the conversations within the psychedelic community.

Is Psilocybin Good for You?

Many recent (and older) studies have shown psilocybin helping tremendously with personal insights, overcoming addiction, end of life anxiety, depression, and creativity. There have been very few reported cases of persisting perception disorder (HPPD) from psilocybin mushrooms. In the reports that do exist, the individual was using psilocybin mushrooms with other drugs. 

Nevertheless, HPPD is something to be cautious of. In 2005, an 18-year-old man reported experiencing HPPD after consuming psilocybin and cannabis. In 2013, the only case of HPPD that occurred after ingesting solely psilocybin was reported.

Common Side Effects:

A psychedelic’s effects will have large variances, depending on the individual. A variety of factors contribute to what one will experience. For example, set and setting. Timothy Leary conducted a study with 175 individuals to whom he administered psilocybin in a setting similar to a common living room. In the larger groups of eight people or more the individuals felt less support from the group overall and had less pleasant experiences than those placed in smaller groups of six people or less. This is just one example but demonstrates how that can impact the experience and effects of a psychedelic experience.

Sometimes sensations will come on as the substance is taking effect and as the person goes through their experience. It is important to remember that there is a range of effects possible. Everybody is different. While everyone’s experience with psilocybin will differ and the effects may shift throughout the experience, based on user accounts and studies, listed below are some common side effects. Lastly, most psilocybin mushrooms contain the psychoactive compound baeocystin, which may slightly alter the effects compared to pure psilocybin or psilocin.

  • Euphoria
  • Closed and Open-Eye Visuals
  • Synesthesia
  • Heightened responsiveness to stimuli
  • Altered sense of reality and time
  • Enhanced ability for introspection
  • Heightened spirituality
  • Primitive or Childlike thought patterns
  • Heightened emotions
  • Lasting increase to the personality trait openness
  • Alterations in an individual’s stretch reflex
  • Dilated pupils
  • Altered heart rate and blood pressure
  • Passing nausea
  • Paranoia
  • Anxiety
  • Tremors

Psilocybin Today

In recent years, many psychedelic substances—mainly psilocybin, LSD, and MDMA—have experienced a reemergence in clinical research and advocacy. This is due to an FDA meeting in 1992 where they claimed that psychedelic drugs have an acceptable risk-benefit ratio. In this meeting, the FDA also claimed psychedelics are not any more dangerous than other drugs routinely researched. Now scientists can conduct research with modern tools like brain imagery to further understand the way psychedelics function. Psilocybin is currently being studied for its therapeutic potential to help with depression, anxiety, addiction, and various other disorders.

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Trends

The popularity of magic mushrooms in the US has remained low compared to other drugs such as cocaine and alcohol. However, among psychedelics, psilocybin has shown to be highly popular for recreational use and spiritual/mystical experiences. 

Psilocybin is more common among younger adults, and drugs like LSD, mescaline, and peyote remain more common among older adults. Based on a study from 2013, the use of magic mushrooms has increased in the US and worldwide since the 1970s. Psilocybin use (and many other psychedelics) are more popular with males of all ages than in females. However, the popularity of psilocybin as a tool for therapy is greatly increasing as scientists are publishing more positive research on psilocybin.

Current Studies & Research

Currently classified as a Schedule I substance, researchers at Johns Hopkins University claim that psilocybin mushrooms should be downgraded from a Schedule I to Schedule IV substance.

In 2019, the City of Oakland, CA voted to decriminalize magic mushrooms just one month after Denver, CO decided to do so. There is a push in California to decriminalize psilocybin mushrooms on a statewide level, with many psychedelic awareness and advocacy groups supporting this change. Moreover, Oregon’s state legislature is considering passing a bill to decriminalize psilocybin mushrooms and offer licenses to grow. Much of this promising research is happening because of the Multidisciplinary Association of Psychedelic Studies (MAPS).

MAPS and Psilocybin

MAPS is currently doing medical research with MDMA, psilocybin, LSD, marijuana, ibogaine, and ayahuasca. Another organization, Heffter Research Institute specializes in psilocybin research. Among Heffter Research Institute’s board of directors is co-founder Dr. David Nichols, a widely celebrated researcher, professor, and expert on the chemistry of hallucinogens. Other researchers include Dr. Dennis McKenna, an esteemed writer, ethnopharmacologist, psychonaut, and brother to the late Terrence McKenna, and Dr. Roland Griffiths who is doing phenomenal research at Johns Hopkins into psilocybin and addiction.

For a list of psilocybin research in progress, please click here.

Psilocybin and Depression

There are many psilocybin research studies currently in progress. Psilocybin research is focusing on effects in treating Major Depressive Disorder, smoking cessation, alcohol dependence, and many other conditions. The two major universities in the United States doing psilocybin work are Johns Hopkins and NYU School of Medicine. At Johns Hopkins, Dr. Roland Griffiths and his team have completed a study titled, “Study of Psilocybin in Cancer Patients,” which suggests that psilocybin can offer significant help in decreasing depression and anxiety among cancer patients.

Another study at Hopkins, the “Effects of Psilocybin in Major Depressive Disorder” is assessing whether psilocybin will help patients with Major Depressive Disorder. The hypothesis for the previously stated study is that psilocybin will lead to both a rapid and sustained antidepressant response. Both MAPS and Heffter support national and international psilocybin research, among other institutes.

Around the World

There are also several psilocybin studies currently underway internationally. The Beckley Foundation, based in the UK, is sponsoring some of the most progressive psilocybin research around today. Founded in 1996 by Amanda Fielding—an esteemed psychonaut and scientist herself—the Beckley Foundation is currently sponsoring research on the neuroscience of psilocybin, along with MAPS and Heffter.

This research is taking place at Imperial College London with Dr. David Nutt and Dr. Robin Carhart-Harris, both of whom have published psilocybin research in the past, namely the “Entropic Brain Model.” Heffter is also sponsoring a study in Switzerland entitled “Psilocybin Effects on Attention, Perception, and Cognition.” Similarly, MAPS is sponsoring a study called “Experimental Studies on the Effects of Psilocybin on Binocular Depth Inversion, Binocular Rivalry” in Germany. 

FAQ

How Long Does Psilocybin Stay in Your System?

Psilocybin, like many other tryptamines, stays in your system anywhere from 24 hours to a few days, the latter of which is rare.

How to Store Psilocybin?

Keep all dried magic mushrooms in a dry, cold place. One can put silica gel packs in a container to temperate moisture. When truffles or fresh mushrooms are in question, store them in an airtight container or vacuum bag inside a freezer. 

Do Mushrooms Lose Their Efficacy or Expire?

Over time, if kept improperly, mushrooms can degrade in potency. Read above how to keep mushrooms properly. 

What Does Psilocybin Taste Like?

This highly depends on the method. If mushrooms are dried or fresh, they taste like dry white-buttons with a bitter aftertaste. If they are in a tea form, the taste is similar to mushroom soup. Mushroom tea tastes better with a bit of salt added. 

What Does Psilocybin Smell Like?

Psilocybin mushrooms smell like ordinary mushrooms, with a hint of bitterness. 

How to Pronounce Psilocybin?

Sil-uh-sahy-bin.

Where is Psilocybin Legal?

In Denver, Colorado psilocybin mushrooms are a decriminalized substance. Psilocybin mushrooms are legal in Brazil and Jamaica. While psilocybin mushrooms are illegal in the Netherlands, psilocybin truffles are legal. The British Virgin Islands prohibit the sale and transport of psilocybin mushrooms, but possession and personal use are legal.

What does Psilocybin Do in my Body?

Psilocybin is a prodrug meaning it almost immediately metabolizes in the body to a psychoactive substance. Psilocin is the psychoactive metabolite of psilocybin. It produces the psychedelic effect by binding to the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system.

Disclaimer: Psilocybin is potentially categorized as an illegal drug. Reality Sandwich is not encouraging the use of this drug where it is prohibited. However, we believe that providing information is imperative for the safety of those who choose to explore this substance. This guide is intended to give educational content and should in no way be viewed as medical recommendations.

If you have relevant information or updates concerning the research and studies of psychedelic substances, please reach out to info@realitysandwich.com We appreciate your contribution. –RS

Psychedelic Resources

A Foraging Trip: Where Do Magic Mushrooms Grow?
Eager to learn more about the origin of psilocybin species? Read this article to find out where magic mushrooms grow and more!

How to Make Shroom Tea: Best Recipe and Dosage
A step by step guide on how to brew shroom tea, and why entheogenic psilocybin tea is a preferred method for psychedelic connoisseurs.

R. Gordon Wasson: Author and Mushroom Expert
Learn about R. Gordon Wasson, the “legendary mushroom expert” and popular figure within the psychonaut community.

Shrooms vs Acid: Differences and Similarities Explained
Ever wondered what the differences are between shrooms vs acid, or if you can take both together? This guide explains what you need to know.

Quantum Mechanics, Reality, and Magic Mushrooms
Scientist and author Dr. Chris Becker takes an in-depth approach in understanding how we perceive reality through magic mushrooms and quantum mechanics.

Psilocybin Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
Our ultimate guide to Psilocybin has everything you want to know about this psychedelic fungi from its uses to its legal status.

The Psilocybin Experience: What’s the Deal With Magic Mushrooms?
From microdoses to macrodoses, the psilocybin experience has been sought after both medicinally and recreationally for millennia.

Psilocybin and Magic Mushroom Resources
Curious to learn more about psilocybin? This guide is a comprehensive psilocybin resource containing books, therapeutic studies, and more.

Paul Stamets Profile: Mushroom Guru, Filmmaker, Nutritionist, Scientist
Learn about Paul Stamets, read his thoughts on psilocybin mircodosing, the future of psilocybin, and his recent film “Fantastic Fungi”.

Microdosing Psilocybin & Common Dosage Explained
Microdosing, though imperceivably, is showing to have many health benefits–here is everything you want to know about microdosing psilocybin.

Psilocybin Nasal Spray: Relief for Anxiety, PTSD, and Depression
Microdosing nasal spray with psilocybin, is that possible?! Oregan a start-up Silo Wellness believes so and has created this new option for PTSD treatment.

Mazatec Mushroom Usage: Notes on Approach, Setting and Species for Curious Psilonauts
A look at traditional Mazatec psilocybin mushroom usage, and a comparison to the cliniical therapeutic approach, with an examination of the Mazatec setting and species used in veladas.

María Sabina: The Mazatec Magic Mushroom Woman
Magic mushrooms are incredibly popular today. How they became introduced to into American culture isn’t usually a topic discussed while tripping on psilocybin fungi. We all may have María Sabina to thank for exposing the Western world to the healing properties of the psilocybin mushroom.

Guide to Magic Mushroom Strains
Are there different types of psilocybin? Read our guide to learn about the different magic mushroom strains and their individual effects.

Kilindi Iyi: Mycologist, Traveler, Teacher
Learn about traveler and mycologist Kilindi Iyi known in the psychedelic community for his research and exploration of psilocybin.

How to Store Shrooms: Best Practices
How do you store shrooms for optimal shelf life? Learn how and why the proper storage method is so important.

Shroom Chocolate Recipes: How to Make Magic Mushroom Chocolates
This recipe provides step by step directions on how you can make mushroom chocolates with the necessary ingredients. Read to learn more!

Why Do People Use Psilocybin? New Johns Hopkins Study
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicines has just published a new study on psychoactive effects of psilocybin. Read here to learn more.

How-To Lemon Tek: Ultimate Guide and Recipe
This master guide will teach you how to lemon tek, preventing the onset of negative effects after consuming psilocybin. Read to learn more!

How to Intensify a Mushroom Trip
Learn about techniques like Lemon tekking, or discover the right time to consume cannabis if you are looking to intensify a mushroom trip.

How to Grow Magic Mushrooms: Step-by-Step
This step-by-step guide will show you how to grow magic mushrooms at home. Read this guide before trying it on your own.

How to Dry Magic Mushrooms: Best Practices
Read to learn more about specifics for the best practices on how to dry magic mushrooms after harvesting season.

How to Buy Psilocybin Spores
Interested in psilocybin mushrooms? We’ll walk you through all you need to know to obtain mushroom spores. Nosh on this delish How To guide.

Hippie Flipping: When Shrooms and Molly Meet
What is it, what does it feel like, and how long does it last? Explore the mechanics of hippie flipping and how to safely experiment.

Having Sex on Shrooms: Good or Bad Idea?
Is having sex on shrooms a good idea or an accident waiting to happen? Find out in our guide to sex on magic mushrooms.

Gold Cap Shrooms Guide: Spores, Effects, Identification
Read this guide to learn more about the different characteristics of gold cap mushrooms, and how they differ from other psilocybin species.

Guide to Cooking with Magic Mushrooms
From cookies to smoothies and sandwiches, we cover various methods of cooking with magic mushrooms for the ultimate snack.

2020 Election: The Decriminalize Psilocybin Movement
Are you curious if mushrooms will follow in marijuana’s footsteps? Read to learn about how the U.S. is moving to decriminalize psilocybin.

Oregon’s Initiative to Legalize Mushrooms | Initiative Petition 34
Oregon continues to push ahead with their initiative to legalize Psilocybin in 2020. The measure received its official title and now needs signatures.

Canada Approves Psilocybin Treatment for Terminally-Ill Cancer Patients
Canada’s Minister of Health, Patty Hajdu approved the use of psilocybin to help ease anxiety and depression of four terminal cancer patients.

Mapping the DMT Experience
With only firsthand experiences to share, how can we fully map the DMT experience? Let’s explore what we know about this powerful psychedelic.

Guide to Machine Elves and Other DMT Entities
This guide discusses machine elves, clockwork elves, and other common DMT entities that people experience during a DMT trip.

Is the DMT Experience a Hallucination? 
What if the DMT realm was the real world, and our everyday lives were merely a game we had chosen to play?

How to Store DMT
Not sure how to store DMT? Read this piece to learn the best practices and elements of advice to keep your stuff fresh.

What Does 5-MeO-DMT Show Us About Consciousness?
How does our brain differentiate between what’s real and what’s not? Read to learn what can 5-MeO-DMT show us about consciousness.

How to Smoke DMT: Processes Explained
There are many ways to smoke DMT and we’ve outlined some of the best processes to consider before embarking on your journey.

How to Ground After DMT
Knowing what to expect from a DMT comedown can help you integrate the experience to gain as much value as possible from your journey.

How To Get DMT
What kind of plants contain DMT? Are there other ways to access this psychedelic? Read on to learn more about how to get DMT.

How DMT is Made: Everything You Need to Know
Ever wonder how to make DMT? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how DMT is made.

Having Sex on DMT: What You Need to Know
Have you ever wondered about sex on DMT? Learn how the God Molecule can influence your intimate experiences.

Does the Human Brain Make DMT? 
With scientific evidence showing us DMT in the brain, what can we conclude it is there for? Read on to learn more.

How to Use DMT Vape Pens
Read to learn all about DMT vape pens including: what to know when vaping, what to expect when purchasing a DMT cartridge, and vaping safely.

DMT Resources
This article is a comprehensive DMT resource providing extensive information from studies, books, documentaries, and more. Check it out!

Differentiating DMT and Near-Death Experiences
Some say there are similarities between a DMT trip and death. Read our guide on differentiating DMT and near-death experiences to find out.

DMT Research from 1956 to the Edge of Time
From a representative sample of a suitably psychedelic crowd, you’d be hard pressed to find someone who couldn’t tell you all about Albert Hofmann’s enchanted bicycle ride after swallowing what turned out to be a massive dose of LSD. Far fewer, however, could tell you much about the world’s first DMT trip.

The Ultimate Guide to DMT Pricing
Check out our ultimate guide on DMT pricing to learn what to expect when purchasing DMT for your first time.

DMT Milking | Reality Sandwich
Indigenous cultures have used 5-MeO-DMT for centuries. With the surge in demand for psychedelic toad milk, is DMT Milking harming the frogs?

Why Does DMT Pervade Nature?
With the presence of DMT in nature everywhere – including human brains – why does it continue to baffle science?

DMT Substance Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
Our ultimate guide to DMT has everything you want to know about this powerful psychedelic referred to as “the spirit molecule”.

DMT for Depression: Paving the Way for New Medicine
We’ve been waiting for an effective depression treatment. Studies show DMT for depression works even for treatment resistant patients.

Beating Addiction with DMT
Psychedelics have been studied for their help overcoming addiction. Read how DMT is helping addicts beat their substance abuse issues.

DMT Extraction: Behind the Scientific Process
Take a look at DMT extraction and the scientific process involved. Learn all you need to know including procedures and safety.

Microdosing DMT & Common Dosages Explained
Microdosing, though imperceivable, is showing to have many health benefits–here is everything you want to know about microdosing DMT.

DMT Art: A Look Behind Visionary Creations
An entire genre of artwork is inspired by psychedelic trips with DMT. Read to learn about the entities and visions behind DMT art.

Changa vs. DMT: What You Need to Know
While similar (changa contains DMT), each drug has its own unique effect and feeling. Let’s compare and contrast changa vs DMT.

5-MeO-DMT Guide: Effects, Benefits, Safety, and Legality
5-Meo-DMT comes from the Sonora Desert toad. Here is everything you want to know about 5-Meo-DMT and how it compares to 4-AcO-DMT.

4-AcO-DMT Guide: Benefits, Effects, Safety, and Legality
This guide tells you everything about 4 AcO DMT & 5 MeO DMT, that belong to the tryptamine class, and are similar but slightly different to DMT.

How Much Does LSD Cost? When shopping around for that magical psychedelic substance, there can be many uncertainties when new to buying LSD. You may be wondering how much does LSD cost? In this article, we will discuss what to expect when purchasing LSD on the black market, what forms LSD is sold in, and the standard breakdown of buying LSD in quantity.   Navy Use of LSD on the Dark Web The dark web is increasingly popular for purchasing illegal substances. The US Navy has now noticed this trend with their staff. Read to learn more.   Having Sex on LSD: What You Need to Know Can you have sex on LSD? Read our guide to learn everything about sex on acid, from lowered inhibitions to LSD users quotes on sex while tripping.   A Drug That Switches off an LSD Trip A pharmaceutical company is developing an “off-switch” drug for an LSD trip, in the case that a bad trip can happen. Some would say there is no such thing.   Queen of Hearts: An Interview with Liz Elliot on Tim Leary and LSD The history of psychedelia, particularly the British experience, has been almost totally written by men. Of the women involved, especially those who were in the thick of it, little has been written either by or about them. A notable exception is Liz Elliot.   LSD Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety LSD, Lysergic acid diethylamide, or just acid is one of the most important psychedelics ever discovered. What did history teach us?   Microdosing LSD & Common Dosage Explained Microdosing, though imperceivable, is showing to have many health benefits–here is everything you want to know about microdosing LSD.   LSD Resources Curious to learn more about LSD? This guide includes comprehensive LSD resources containing books, studies and more.   LSD as a Spiritual Aid There is common consent that the evolution of mankind is paralleled by the increase and expansion of consciousness. From the described process of how consciousness originates and develops, it becomes evident that its growth depends on its faculty of perception. Therefore every means of improving this faculty should be used.   Legendary LSD Blotter Art: A Hidden Craftsmanship Have you ever heard of LSD blotter art? Explore the trippy world of LSD art and some of the top artists of LSD blotter art.   LSD and Exercise: Does it Work? LSD and exercise? Learn why high-performing athletes are taking hits of LSD to improve their overall potential.   Jan Bastiaans Treated Holocaust Survivors with LSD Dutch psychiatrist, Jan Bastiaans administered LSD-assisted therapy to survivors of the Holocaust. A true war hero and pioneer of psychedelic-therapy.   LSD and Spiritual Awakening I give thanks for LSD, which provided the opening that led me to India in 1971 and brought me to Neem Karoli Baba, known as Maharajji. Maharajji is described by the Indians as a “knower of hearts.”   How LSD is Made: Everything You Need to Know Ever wonder how to make LSD? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how LSD is made.   How to Store LSD: Best Practices Learn the best way to store LSD, including the proper temperature and conditions to maximize how long LSD lasts when stored.   Bicycle Day: The Discovery of LSD Every year on April 19th, psychonauts join forces to celebrate Bicycle Day. Learn about the famous day when Albert Hoffman first discovered the effects of LSD.   Cary Grant: A Hollywood Legend On LSD Cary Grant was a famous actor during the 1930’s-60’s But did you know Grant experimented with LSD? Read our guide to learn more.   Albert Hofmann: LSD — My Problem Child Learn about Albert Hofmann and his discovery of LSD, along with the story of Bicycle Day and why it marks a historic milestone.   Babies are High: What Does LSD Do To Your Brain What do LSD and babies have in common? Researchers at the Imperial College in London discover that an adult’s brain on LSD looks like a baby’s brain.   1P LSD: Effects, Benefits, Safety Explained 1P LSD is an analogue of LSD and homologue of ALD-25. Here is everything you want to know about 1P LSD and how it compares to LSD.   Francis Crick, DNA & LSD Type ‘Francis Crick LSD’ into Google, and the result will be 30,000 links. Many sites claim that Crick (one of the two men responsible for discovering the structure of DNA), was either under the influence of LSD at the time of his revelation or used the drug to help with his thought processes during his research. Is this true?   What Happens If You Overdose on LSD? A recent article presented three individuals who overdosed on LSD. Though the experience was unpleasant, the outcomes were remarkably positive.

The Ayahuasca Experience
Ayahuasca is both a medicine and a visionary aid. You can employ ayahuasca for physical, mental, emotional and spiritual repair, and you can engage with the power of ayahuasca for deeper insight and realization. If you consider attainment of knowledge in the broadest perspective, you can say that at all times, ayahuasca heals.

 

Trippy Talk: Meet Ayahuasca with Sitaramaya Sita and PlantTeachers
Sitaramaya Sita is a spiritual herbalist, pusangera, and plant wisdom practitioner formally trained in the Shipibo ayahuasca tradition.

 

The Therapeutic Value of Ayahuasca
My best description of the impact of ayahuasca is that it’s a rocket boost to psychospiritual growth and unfolding, my professional specialty during my thirty-five years of private practice.

 

Microdosing Ayahuasca: Common Dosage Explained
What is ayahuasca made of and what is considered a microdose? Explore insights with an experienced Peruvian brewmaster and learn more about this practice.

 

Ayahuasca Makes Neuron Babies in Your Brain
Researchers from Beckley/Sant Pau Research Program have shared the latest findings in their study on the effects of ayahuasca on neurogenesis.

 

The Fatimiya Sufi Order and Ayahuasca
In this interview, the founder of the Fatimiya Sufi Order,  N. Wahid Azal, discusses the history and uses of plant medicines in Islamic and pre-Islamic mystery schools.

 

Consideration Ayahuasca for Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Research indicates that ayahuasca mimics mechanisms of currently accepted treatments for PTSD. In order to understand the implications of ayahuasca treatment, we need to understand how PTSD develops.

 

Brainwaves on Ayahuasca: A Waking Dream State
In a study researchers shared discoveries showing ingredients found in Ayahuasca impact the brainwaves causing a “waking dream” state.

 

Cannabis and Ayahuasca: Mixing Entheogenic Plants
Cannabis and Ayahuasca: most people believe they shouldn’t be mixed. Read this personal experience peppered with thoughts from a pro cannabis Peruvian Shaman.

 

Ayahuasca Retreat 101: Everything You Need to Know to Brave the Brew
Ayahuasca has been known to be a powerful medicinal substance for millennia. However, until recently, it was only found in the jungle. Word of its deeply healing and cleansing properties has begun to spread across the world as many modern, Western individuals are seeking spiritual, mental, emotional, and physical well-being. More ayahuasca retreat centers are emerging in the Amazon and worldwide to meet the demand.

 

Ayahuasca Helps with Grief
A new study published in psychopharmacology found that ayahuasca helped those suffering from the loss of a loved one up to a year after treatment.

 

Ayahuasca Benefits: Clinical Improvements for Six Months
Ayahuasca benefits can last six months according to studies. Read here to learn about the clinical improvements from drinking the brew.

 

Ayahuasca Culture: Indigenous, Western, And The Future
Ayahuasca has been use for generations in the Amazon. With the rise of retreats and the brew leaving the rainforest how is ayahuasca culture changing?

 

Ayahuasca Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
The Amazonian brew, Ayahuasca has a long history and wide use. Read our guide to learn all about the tea from its beginnings up to modern-day interest.

 

Ayahuasca and the Godhead: An Interview with Wahid Azal of the Fatimiya Sufi Order
Wahid Azal, a Sufi mystic of The Fatimiya Sufi Order and an Islamic scholar, talks about entheogens, Sufism, mythology, and metaphysics.

 

Ayahuasca and the Feminine: Women’s Roles, Healing, Retreats, and More
Ayahuasca is lovingly called “grandmother” or “mother” by many. Just how feminine is the brew? Read to learn all about women and ayahuasca.

What Is the Standard of Care for Ketamine Treatments?
Ketamine therapy is on the rise in light of its powerful results for treatment-resistant depression. But, what is the current standard of care for ketamine? Read to find out.

What Is Dissociation and How Does Ketamine Create It?
Dissociation can take on multiple forms. So, what is dissociation like and how does ketamine create it? Read to find out.

Having Sex on Ketamine: Getting Physical on a Dissociative
Curious about what it could feel like to have sex on a dissociate? Find out all the answers in our guide to sex on ketamine.

Special K: The Party Drug
Special K refers to Ketamine when used recreationally. Learn the trends as well as safety information around this substance.

Kitty Flipping: When Ketamine and Molly Meet
What is it, what does it feel like, and how long does it last? Read to explore the mechanics of kitty flipping.

Ketamine vs. Esketamine: 3 Important Differences Explained
Ketamine and esketamine are used to treat depression. But what’s the difference between them? Read to learn which one is right for you: ketamine vs. esketamine.

Guide to Ketamine Treatments: Understanding the New Approach
Ketamine is becoming more popular as more people are seeing its benefits. Is ketamine a fit? Read our guide for all you need to know about ketamine treatments.

Ketamine Treatment for Eating Disorders
Ketamine is becoming a promising treatment for various mental health conditions. Read to learn how individuals can use ketamine treatment for eating disorders.

Ketamine Resources, Studies, and Trusted Information
Curious to learn more about ketamine? This guide includes comprehensive ketamine resources containing books, studies and more.

Ketamine Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
Our ultimate guide to ketamine has everything you need to know about this “dissociative anesthetic” and how it is being studied for depression treatment.

Ketamine for Depression: A Mental Health Breakthrough
While antidepressants work for some, many others find no relief. Read to learn about the therapeutic uses of ketamine for depression.

Ketamine for Addiction: Treatments Offering Hope
New treatments are offering hope to individuals suffering from addiction diseases. Read to learn how ketamine for addiction is providing breakthrough results.

Microdosing Ketamine & Common Dosages Explained
Microdosing, though imperceivable, is showing to have many health benefits–here is everything you want to know about microdosing ketamine.

How to Ease a Ketamine Comedown
Knowing what to expect when you come down from ketamine can help integrate the experience to gain as much value as possible.

How to Store Ketamine: Best Practices
Learn the best ways how to store ketamine, including the proper temperature and conditions to maximize how long ketamine lasts when stored.

How To Buy Ketamine: Is There Legal Ketamine Online?
Learn exactly where it’s legal to buy ketamine, and if it’s possible to purchase legal ketamine on the internet.

How Long Does Ketamine Stay in Your System?
How long does ketamine stay in your system? Are there lasting effects on your body? Read to discover the answers!

How Ketamine is Made: Everything You Need to Know
Ever wonder how to make Ketamine? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how Ketamine is made.

Colorado on Ketamine: First Responders Waiver Programs
Fallout continues after Elijah McClain. Despite opposing recommendations from some city council, Colorado State Health panel recommends the continued use of ketamine by medics for those demonstrating “excited delirium” or “extreme agitation”.

Types of Ketamine: Learn the Differences & Uses for Each
Learn about the different types of ketamine and what they are used for—and what type might be right for you. Read now to find out!

Kitty Flipping: When Ketamine and Molly Meet
What is it, what does it feel like, and how long does it last? Read to explore the mechanics of kitty flipping.

MDMA & Ecstasy Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
Our ultimate guide to MDMA has everything you want to know about Ecstasy from how it was developed in 1912 to why it’s being studied today.

How To Get the Most out of Taking MDMA as a Couple
Taking MDMA as a couple can lead to exciting experiences. Read here to learn how to get the most of of this love drug in your relationship.

Common MDMA Dosage & Microdosing Explained
Microdosing, though imperceivable, is showing to have many health benefits–here is everything you want to know about microdosing MDMA.

Having Sex on MDMA: What You Need to Know
MDMA is known as the love drug… Read our guide to learn all about sex on MDMA and why it is beginning to makes its way into couple’s therapy.

How MDMA is Made: Common Procedures Explained
Ever wonder how to make MDMA? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how MDMA is made.

Hippie Flipping: When Shrooms and Molly Meet
What is it, what does it feel like, and how long does it last? Explore the mechanics of hippie flipping and how to safely experiment.

How Cocaine is Made: Common Procedures Explained
Ever wonder how to make cocaine? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how cocaine is made.

A Christmas Sweater with Santa and Cocaine
This week, Walmart came under fire for a “Let it Snow” Christmas sweater depicting Santa with lines of cocaine. Columbia is not merry about it.

Ultimate Cocaine Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
This guide covers what you need to know about Cocaine, including common effects and uses, legality, safety precautions and top trends today.

NEWS: An FDA-Approved Cocaine Nasal Spray
The FDA approved a cocaine nasal spray called Numbrino, which has raised suspicions that the pharmaceutical company, Lannett Company Inc., paid off the FDA..

The Ultimate Guide to Cannabis Bioavailability
What is bioavailability and how can it affect the overall efficacy of a psychedelic substance? Read to learn more.

Cannabis Research Explains Sociability Behaviors
New research by Dr. Giovanni Marsicano shows social behavioral changes occur as a result of less energy available to the neurons. Read here to learn more.

The Cannabis Shaman
If recreational and medical use of marijuana is becoming accepted, can the spiritual use as well? Experiential journalist Rak Razam interviews Hamilton Souther, founder of the 420 Cannabis Shamanism movement…

Cannabis Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
Our ultimate guide to Cannabis has everything you want to know about this popular substances that has psychedelic properties.

Cannabis and Ayahuasca: Mixing Entheogenic Plants
Cannabis and Ayahuasca: most people believe they shouldn’t be mixed. Read this personal experience peppered with thoughts from a procannabis Peruvian Shaman.

CBD-Rich Cannabis Versus Single-Molecule CBD
A ground-breaking study has documented the superior therapeutic properties of whole plant Cannabis extract as compared to synthetic cannabidiol (CBD), challenging the medical-industrial complex’s notion that “crude” botanical preparations are less effective than single-molecule compounds.

Cannabis Has Always Been a Medicine
Modern science has already confirmed the efficacy of cannabis for most uses described in the ancient medical texts, but prohibitionists still claim that medical cannabis is “just a ruse.”

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