A modified version of this article originally appeared in the January 2012 issue of Acres U.S.A.
The seed revolution began one sunny afternoon on a neatly
mowed lawn at the Sonoma County Fairgrounds. For an historic moment, it wasn't
much to gawk at: a circle of about a dozen seedsmen and seedswomen sitting
cross-legged in the grass, laying out the blueprint for an agricultural
uprising.
The gathering took place in the midst of the National
Heirloom Exposition, a three-day trade show for heirloom foods held last
September in Santa Rosa, California. Weeks earlier a call had gone out on
Facebook for an informal meeting among a coterie of folks in various stages of
visioning, building, and running seed libraries. Following the model of lending
libraries for books, a seed library works pretty much as you'd imagine. Seeds
are "checked out" with the intention to plant them in a garden, enjoy the fresh
food, and keep a couple of plants in the ground to go to seed. The saved seed
is then "returned" to the library–ideally, in more abundance than what was
borrowed. Though not altogether new, the concept had recently sprouted legs and
was spreading like bindweed across the country.
Seated in the circle were some of the key figures in the
emerging seed library movement, with representatives from both U.S. coasts: Ken
Greene, co-founder of the Hudson Valley Seed Library in upstate New York; David
King, founder and chairman of the Seed Library of Los Angeles; and Rebecca
Newburn, creator of the Richmond Grows Seed Lending Library in California's
East Bay. It was clear to all assembled that they were onto something big. The New York Times had run a feature on
seed libraries months earlier, and the buzz was continuing to build. The time
had come to solidify the ranks. In a unanimous vote, the group moved to form a
national association of seed libraries–a unifying body to advance the growing
movement.
The backdrop for this radical convergence was fitting.
Billed as "the World's Pure Food Fair," the National Heirloom Expo was at its
essence a show of solidarity for heritage foods against the
corporate-agricultural machine. The gala event played host to over 10,000
people browsing the crop-laden exhibit halls: a diverse mix of CSA farmers and
hobby gardeners, die-hard foodies and organic chefs, green activists and
apocalyptic "preppers." On the surface the event was a celebration of
biodiversity, but the political undercurrent was clear with prominent GMO
critic Jeffrey Smith and anti-globalization activist Vandana Shiva among the
weekend's keynote speakers. Between the garden-chic displays of fairytale
pumpkins and tiger-striped tomatoes, something far more subversive was
spreading its roots.
In other words, it was the ideal gathering grounds to rally
awareness around that vital, but often overlooked, keystone of the
sustainability discussion–the seeds. The time is ripe for this awakening.
Biodiversity among our food crops has plummeted over the past fifty years
following the meteoric rise of industrial agriculture. Only 4% of the
commercial vegetable varieties being grown in 1903 are still in cultivation
today. In their place, vast fields of genetically modified corn, canola, cotton
and soy now blanket the world's farmlands. Multinational agribusiness corporations
like Monsanto and DuPont realized early on that control over the seeds was the
key to global domination of food supplies. Over the past two decades these
industrial giants have aggressively swallowed up dozens of smaller seed
companies in a cutthroat race for market supremacy. According to the latest
figures from the ETC Group, a sustainable agriculture think tank, Monsanto sits
at the top of the pile raking in 27 percent of total seed sales worldwide.
The current paradigm of food–centrally controlled by
profiteering corporations and besieged by the life-destroying government
policies that support them–stands in stark contrast to the sovereign
agriculture of our ancestors. Seed saving is an ancient tradition with a
lineage stretching back 12,000 years. But in less than a century's time, this
once fundamental part of the human experience has largely disappeared. The
transition from rural agrarianism to urbanization has led to increasingly fewer
people growing food and interacting with seeds. When the industrial storm of
the "Green Revolution" gave rise to mammoth-scale monoculture farms, saving
one's own seed for replanting became far too cumbersome a prospect–not to
mention, genetically undesirable and contractually illegal with the advent of
hybrids and gene patenting. In just a few generations, both the time-honored
knowledge of seed saving and many irreplaceable seeds are nearing extinction.
It is no small matter, then, that we are witnessing a
resurgence of interest in heirloom crops. A consciousness shift is taking place
around the politics of food in the modern world. People are waking up to the
battle raging over our dinner plates and realizing that victory hinges upon who
controls the tiny seeds that are the source of all sustenance. To restore our
freedom over food, it is essential that every community have access to a
collectively owned treasure chest of seeds. Seed libraries represent our best
hope for reclaiming this independence. As an added benefit, they boost regional
biodiversity and resiliency by encouraging the cultivation of new crop
varieties adapted to local growing conditions. With global temperatures on the
rise and financial markets plummeting, a robust network of community foodsheds
to replace the shaky monolith of industrial agriculture has become an
imperative for human survival.
The seed library story begins, appropriately, with a
rebellion. In late November 1999, thousands of anti-globalization activists
descended on Seattle to protest a meeting of the World Trade Organization. The
massive demonstrations shut down the city for days. Sascha DuBrul, a
24-year-old activist and New York native living in Berkeley, took part in the
protests and returned to California charged with excitement. "It was a really
vibrant time," he recalls. "Here in the Bay Area, there were all these amazing
projects starting up that are still around."
Seeds were DuBrul's newly discovered passion. While
interning at a CSA farm in British Colombia the previous year, he became
fascinated by the invigorating genetic relationships that arose when domestic
crops intermingled with their wild relatives. Diversity was the key to the
health of a community, he realized, be it plant or human. This idea had great
relevance to urban spaces where people live in close quarters but thrive on
cultural differences. "I had this vision of articulating the relationship
between biological and cultural diversity, and bringing that idea to kids in
the city," says DuBrul.
Sascha DuBrul, founder of the BASIL seed library, winnows chaff from fresh seed.
That opportunity soon came following a Faustian deal between
the University of California at Berkeley and the Swiss agribusiness giant
Novartis. One of the first decrees under the alliance was for the eviction of
an on-campus CSA farm to make way for trials of genetically modified corn.
"There were all these seeds left over in a cabinet and nothing was going on,"
recalls DuBrul. "So I thought, ‘Hey, why don't we start a seed library?' We
could have a collection of seeds that people can take out, and then have
regular seed saving workshops where gardeners can come and learn the basic
techniques." He started brainstorming with his friend Christopher Shein, who had been running the Berkeley campus CSA. Their vision quickly blossomed into the first seed lending library:
the Bay Area Seed Interchange Library, or BASIL.
DuBrul counts an unlikely pair of inspirations behind the
BASIL project: Gary Paul Nabhan, co-founder of Native Seeds/SEARCH and father
of the local food movement, and the Black Panthers. "Reading [Nabhan's] book Enduring Seeds rocked my world," he
says, "and the Panthers had this history of community-controlled movements
where people took over their communities for their own." Over the next nine
months BASIL flourished out of the nonprofit Ecology Center as a grassroots hub
for seed saving and self-reliance in the Berkeley community. But DuBrul, who
suffers from bi-polar disorder, found himself unable to see the project
through. Through the commendable efforts of Shein and fellow BASIL stalwart Terri Compost, the pioneering seed library was kept alive as an annual seed swap
while DuBrul moved on to other ventures.
Years later, in 2003, DuBrul was working on another small
farm, this time in upstate New York. During a trip to the local Gardiner Public
Library, he met a young librarian named Ken Greene. The two had a common
interest in agriculture, and DuBrul told his new friend about BASIL. The
connection set Greene's mind running. "What does loss of genetic diversity
mean?" he mused. "For me, there were two stories that were being lost: the
genetic story told from the seeds we grow and save, and the cultural story that
goes along with them." There was a profound connection between the seemingly
disparate worlds of books and seeds, he realized. Both represent incredible
repositories of information, cultural wealth, and history. Much like books went
out of print and disappeared from circulation, genetic diversity among seeds
was rapidly fading away as gardeners and farmers stopped seeking out and
cultivating unique varieties. The solution was suddenly obvious. Greene
proposed to his director, an avid gardener herself, his idea of adding seeds to
the branch's catalog. She assented, and a seed library inside a public library
was born.
The Gardiner seed library met with enthusiasm from the
community. Before long, Greene was teaching seed saving classes to encourage
more participation. For five years the project grew steadily under his
direction. But the small town librarian was imagining bigger things. He'd long
dreamed of becoming a farmer, and his intensive relationship with seeds had
opened up some new ideas.
In 2008 he uprooted his seed project from the Gardiner
library and set up shop on two acres of farmland in Accord, N.Y. Called the
Hudson Valley Seed Library, the new venture is different in some notable ways.
For starters, the library is organized and run online, opening it up to a much
broader community of users. This strategy appears to have real merit; within
its first year of operation, membership swelled from 60 to 500 people. Anyone
can buy seed off the website, but for an annual fee of $25 members receive ten
free seed packs and gain access to an expanded "Library" collection. "If we
were gong to commit ourselves to running the library full time, we had to come
up with a way to make it financially sustainable," says Greene about the paid
membership structure.
Together with his partner Doug Muller, Greene personally
grows a portion of the seed he offers. Much of the remaining stock is sourced
from a network of small, conscientious farms growing under the same seasonal
conditions. Having a dependable source of fresh seed is important for the
operation; returns to the library are not required, and getting people to
follow through on returning seed has been a challenge. Greene identifies this
as part of a cultural mindset he is working to change. As a new incentive
program, library members who return seed will receive a discount on their next
year's membership fee. "A lot of people are just more comfortable buying
something every year," he says. "We're trying to encourage them to take the
responsibility of being a producer."
As the Hudson Valley operation ramps up, another front in
the seed revolution is brewing on the opposite coast. The Richmond Grows Seed
Lending Library opened for business in the spring of 2010 inside the main
branch of the Richmond Public Library in California's East Bay. Colorful signs
hanging prominently above a repurposed card catalog cabinet instruct users in
the process of checking out seeds from drawers labeled "Super Easy," "Easy,"
and "Difficult." Beans, peas and peppers rank among the beginner's veggies,
while out-crossing crops like corn and squash are reserved for more advanced
seed savers.
Richmond Grows is the brainchild of Rebecca Newburn, a
middle school science-teacher-turned-community-activist who has taken up the
mantle for local seed sovereignty. While her public library model has a clear
precedent in Ken Greene's Gardiner project years prior, Newburn came up with
the concept independently. And the coincidental connections don't stop there.
The germ of the idea, in both cases, has ties to the same inspirational
source: Sascha DuBrul. After spending time volunteering at DuBrul's now 12-year-old
(and still kicking) BASIL organization, Newburn started a
community seed project of her own. "I really love the work they are doing [at
BASIL] and wanted to make it more accessible to the general public," she
explains. "So I created a seed library in my local public library."
In many ways, hosting a community seed reserve inside a
pubic library is a match made in heaven. Maintaining any sizeable collection of
seeds is first and foremost a challenge in organization. Varieties must be kept
separate and neatly cataloged, with all relevant data such as harvest dates
accurately recorded. This type of work–organizing complex collections of
information–is, of course, what libraries do best. Furthermore, the
long-standing legitimacy of the library as an American institution could play a
crucial role in the safekeeping of these collections. It could very well come
to pass that lawmakers doing the bidding of Big Agriculture decide to crack
down on these open-source community seed vaults. Imagine the scandal and
outrage that would ensue if the USDA ran a campaign raiding public libraries to
confiscate their seditious seeds.
For libraries across the country facing steep declines in users,
adding a seed library to their services makes a lot of sense to attract new
visitors. With the right vision, these increasingly marginalized public spaces
can be transformed into vibrant community hubs for sustainability and
self-reliance. The Richmond Grows Seed Lending Library is a shining example of
this vision bearing fruit. In addition to hosting seed saving workshops and
events, the group has set up a demonstration garden on the library grounds
where people can stroll through and watch seed harvesting in action.
The Richmond Grows Seed Lending Library and its founder, Rebecca Newburn.
Following the success of Richmond Grows, more and more
libraries are beginning to crop up. "The idea is spreading fungally," says
Newburn. "There are about thirty other libraries that we've heard of that are
in progress. Communities want to have access to healthy, locally grown and
adapted seeds." So far, many newly established seed libraries are concentrated
in California, but the word is getting out. An article in the April 2011 issue
of the trade magazine American Libraries
heralded the rise of seed libraries as a promising trend in the industry. To
help nurture this blooming phenomenon, Richmond Grows has added a "Create a
Library" page on their website with step-by-step instructions for getting
started, alongside a comprehensive kit of downloadable signage, labels, and
brochures.
While the public library is an ideal home for a local seed
collection, it isn't the only game in town. Ken Greene's Hudson Valley project
started out among the bookshelves but eventually morphed into a very different
model: a paid membership service hosted online. Likewise, the Seed Library of
Los Angeles, or SLoLA, which opened last year at Venice High School's nonprofit
Learning Garden, accepts new lifetime members for a nominal fee of $10. In
Greene's view, there is no "one way" to run a community seed project. Just as
local library branches are tailored to best serve their communities, seed
libraries are taking on their own uniquely adapted designs. "That's one of the
most exciting things about what's happening with local seeds right now,"
observes Greene. "Everyone can do it differently."
Regardless of its structure, the arrival of each new seed
library represents a new, radically decentralized approach to food security.
Those at the vanguard of the movement recognize the revolutionary importance in
their work. "No one is demanding any transparency or accountability from the
big seed companies," says Greene. "More and more, the only way we will have any
kind of seed sovereignty is by saving our own seeds and sharing them." Newburn
agrees, pointing to the spread of seed libraries as the key to sustainability
in an uncertain future: "We're seeing the rebirth of seed saving as an
essential part of home gardening and local resilience. My vision is that more
and more communities will have seed libraries and systems for sharing locally
grown seeds."
People everywhere are beginning to recognize the crucial
link between humanity, the crops that sustain us, and their embattled seeds. We
are on the cusp of a seed saving renaissance–and not a moment too soon. A
recent report in the LA Times
revealed that Monsanto has set its sights on a new target market: the garden
vegetable seed industry. Employing intensive breeding technologies, Monsanto
aims to concoct newfangled veggies with bizarre traits they imagine consumers
will eagerly devour. Shoppers will be able to load up on heads of
cholesterol-lowering broccoli, quicker-ripening melons, and onions that cause
less eye-watering when sliced. Steve Peters, former head of production at Seeds
of Change, summed this disturbing news up best: "Monsanto wants to take the
tears out of onions. What's wrong with tears?"
It seems a decisive battle for seed supremacy may be
sprouting. Thankfully, sustainable farmers and gardeners are rallying.
Like-minded groups across the country are setting up new seed libraries and
exchanges. A tight-knit network of seed activists is coming together as the
movement matures and expands. Last
June I began working at Native Seeds/SEARCH, a 29-year-old nonprofit seed bank
and conservation center in Tucson, Arizona. Recognizing a void in educational
opportunities for this new paradigm of seed activism, we have developed a six-day
intensive seed-training program known as Seed School. In a little over a
year, Seed School has sent more than 100 graduates into the world armed with
the knowledge and inspiration to advance the local seed movement. Many of the
movers and shakers in the seed library scene, including Rebecca Newburn of
Richmond Grows and SLoLA founder David King, are Seed School graduates. Others
have gone on to start their own small bioregional seed companies, local seed
banks, and innovative grassroots seed projects. In light of the challenges we
face, this is heartening stuff.
The ultimate success of the seed diversity movement rests in
the reeducation and involvement of the population at large. As Ken Greene
observes, so many of us are in the habit of buying seeds. Here in Tucson, our
plan is simple: we are going to make our city "Seed Town." With five seed
libraries just opened up in branches of our Pima County Library System (thanks
to librarian and Seed School graduate Justine Hernandez) and one of the world's
best regional seed banks at Native Seeds/SEARCH, Tucson is on track to build
the seed diversity necessary for a truly sustainable and self-reliant food
system. When members of the urban and organic agriculture movements awaken in a
few years and realize they are supporting industrially produced,
corporate-owned seeds, it is our hope they will look to Tucson as a model for
local seed sovereignty.
The seed revolution is underway as communities do what comes
naturally–grow food, save seeds, and share the harvest. Victory never tasted so
good.
ST Frequency's recent musings can be found at OpenFrequency.net.
