Cannabis Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety

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Cannabis has emerged as a widely regarded substance and is gaining a lot of traction around the world with legislators.

According to a global survey of drug use from 2014, cannabis was the third most used drug throughout the world. In the United States, it was the second most used drug, with 69.9% usage of all survey respondents, making it more popular than tobacco. This large popularity of weed in the United States is in part from the legalization efforts prior to 2014.

Colorado and Washington made cannabis a recreationally legal substance in 2012, with many states having already legalized it for medical use. In 2016, BDS Analytics released a report that attempted to account for both legal and illegal cannabis sales in the United States. This report showed a total annual sales of $53.3 billion dollars. To put this in context, wine sales in 2016 accounted for $38 billion. This goes to show how large the cannabis industry currently is and could become with further legalization.

Overview

Despite cannabis being a hugely popular substance in the United States and throughout the world, we still have much to learn about it. 

There are a wide variety of compounds within the plant with unique properties. These individual compounds produce synergistic and antagonistic properties when used together. Well-known as a psychoactive plant, some debate surrounds its psychedelic nature. We’ll explore this topic further within this guide. 

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What Is Cannabis

Cannabis is part of the plant family Cannabaceae. This family also contains the plant hops, Humulus lupulus, widely known for its use in producing beer. 

There is wide debate, but it is suspected that cannabis has three main species and five subspecies with thousands of domesticated hybrids. We associate the term “indica” with Broad Leaf Marijuana (BLM) and “sativa” with Narrow Leaf Marijuana (NLM). 

There have been at least 554 identified compounds found in cannabis plants, including phytocannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. 

Phytocannabinoids

THC and CBD do not occur in significant concentrations in cannabis, rather, their corresponding acids THCA and CBDA. These molecules are thermally unstable so the act of decarboxylation converts these molecules. Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction involving light, heat and/or oxidation of a molecule.

Tetrahydrocannabinol, THC, is psychoactive (affecting the mind), psychotropic (affecting mental activity, behavior, or perception), and intoxicating (temporarily diminished physical and mental control) 

THC has been strongly associated with the ‘high’ effects a user experiences. Since extracted isolated molecules such as THCA have become more easily accessible, consumers consistently note consumption of pure THCA lacking terpenes, produces a short-lived psychoactive effect. This presents the concept that THC% alone does not equate to potency.

CBD is a non-intoxicating molecule, causing no diminished effect of physical or mental control. Despite the misconception that CBD is ‘non-psychoactive,’ CBD is actually psychoactive because this molecule does affect the mind and is capable of various forms of mental relief. Psychoactive does not mean “high.” 

“It is suggested that CBD has antagonistic properties to THC, so it can be used to balance out effects from THC that can cause some people mild discomfort.”

Terpenes are best known as the compounds that give plants their aroma/flavor. Individually, these molecules are noted to have a variety of potential therapeutic effects depending on the ingestion method. Some terpenes are extracted directly from a cannabis plant (cannabis-derived), some terpenes are extracted directly from plants/fruit, and some are produced synthetically.

Flavonoids are plant chemicals found in almost all fruits and vegetables. There are more than 6,000 types of these pharmacologically active compounds. These phytonutrients’ primary function is to provide non-green color pigmentation to plants. The flavor and odor of cannabis are a synergistic play of terpenes and flavonoids.

The Endocannabinoid System  

The systems in our body, (circulatory, skeletal, nervous, etc), each help us function, including our endocannabinoid system (ECS). The reason cannabis provokes effects on vertebrates (pets have an ECS, too) is due to the fact that we have this entire system of receptors throughout our bodies, which cannabinoids bind to and activate.

Our bodies naturally produce endogenous cannabinoids (inside the body) and respond to exogenous cannabinoids (from outside the body), which are either phytocannabinoids or synthetic cannabinoids. Receptors & enzymes outside of the ECS (such as serotonin receptors) are also affected by cannabinoids. 

The primary function of the ECS is to help the body achieve homeostasis. The endo-cannabinoids a mother produces & transfers via breast milk, is (in many ways) responsible for their infant’s development. The ECS has responsibilities in neuroplasticity, immunity & so much of our physiology; any issues with this system’s function could contribute to several disease states. 

Studies show that clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CED) plays a role in a growing list of medical conditions, meaning many people could sincerely benefit from exogenous cannabinoid ingestion to supplement (like one would consume vitamins) – Some believe that stress and trauma can cause CED.

Subjects diagnosed with PTSD were noted to experience a decrease in their natural production of anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter. This is said to create an imbalance in the brain, resulting in excess fear and anxiety.

Effects

The effects of cannabis are a result of the synergistic and antagonistic interaction of the plant’s naturally present phytochemicals, such as cannabinoids and terpenes. This is also known as the entourage effect.

These compounds can be isolated and consumed individually or reintroduced to each other in new combinations and ratios.

It’s always important to take into consideration that the way something is consumed determines its function. Smoking cannabis flower would produce a different effect from eating an edible made with it; when your liver metabolizes THC it turns into 11-Hydroxy-THC.

Effects will vary widely based on multiple factors, including your body’s chemistry, what is being consumed, how it is being consumed, and what it is being consumed with.

Additionally, two people could hypothetically consume the same exact thing at the same dosage but have polar opposite reactions. This is known as the paradoxical effect.

It’s always best to start small and wait to experience the full effect before working up to further consumption. 

“Street Names”
Cannabis has a wide range of street names that include:

  • Weed
  • Pot
  • Reefer
  • Devils lettuce
  • Spliff
  • Joint
  • Blunt
  • Marijuana
  • Ganja
  • Grass
  • Concentrate
  • Dabs
  • Oil
  • Wax
  • Shatter
  • Sauce
  • Diamonds

Some of these names refer to the form in which cannabis is consumed. A joint typically refers to cannabis rolled in paper that is smoked like a cigarette. A spliff is typically the same thing as a joint, except it includes a pinch (or more) of tobacco mixed with the cannabis. Blunt refers to cannabis rolled in a dried tobacco leaf. Concentrate/dabs are generalized terms for extracted cannabis. Wax, shatter, sauce, and diamonds are names that refer to the visual consistency of that extract. 

Scientific Name

Cannabis THC Molecule

Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants within the Cannabaceae family. 

Scientific debate surrounds cannabis species and subspecies lineage. Some believe cannabis is polytypic (multiple-species), including indica, sativa, ruderalis while other experts theorize cannabis is monotypic (singles species) all falling under a single species of sativa, with countless variances due to morphology & hybridization.

Even though current strains are simplified between indica, sativa, and hybrid – they are all technically hybrids.

Forms & Ways of Consumption

Oral consumption involves products such as edibles (food, candies, baked goods), capsules, syrups, and drinkable liquids. Expect delayed onset, as it will take a while for the ingested compounds to arrive in the bloodstream. 

Inhalation is the most commonly known consumption method involving vaporizing or smoking either dried cannabis ‘flower’ or the extracted ‘oils.’ Expect rapid onset as the ingested compounds are quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and directed to the brain. Various tools are available for the consumption of cannabis/cannabis extracts, such as papers, bowls, bongs, rigs, and a variety of electronic devices. 

Sublingual consumption typically involves a liquid that is placed directly under the tongue. This is a relatively fast-acting consumption method.

Topical application involves creams, oils, lotions, or butters applied to the skin. Active ingredients absorb into the bloodstream treating localized pain.

Strain Names

With a lack of consistency, regulation, or pure genetics, it’s not possible for strain names to accurately depict genetics across the board. Cannabis morphology can vary from each grow cycle; two clones from the same mother, grown with different practices in different environments, can produce phenotype and phytochemical variances.

In other words, the strain “Pineapple Express” purchased from different sources, or even at different times from the same source, is likely to appear in various varieties of physical and chemical variances. The same name does not mean the genetics and effects will be exactly the same.

The thought process behind strain names is typically either:  (1) a creative combination of the perceived parent strains, (2) what it smells/tastes like, (3) named after the grower, their dog, etc., (4) trending strain names, (5) what ‘someone said’ the genetics were, (6) ‘pulled out of thin air.’

Cannabis Dosage

There are a wide variety of cannabis products available today – every product has the potential to affect you differently. Most legalized states recommend a starting dose of 5mg THC. It is important to keep in mind that while the percentage of THC may be labeled on the product, THC is not the sole contributor to the possible effect.

As with anything being introduced to the body for the first time, it’s best to start in micro amounts. Consume and wait. Be patient and observe how the body reacts as time passes; some effects may have a delayed onset. This also helps make sure there are no adverse reactions to whatever is being consumed/applied before using more.

cannabis dosages: medium potency chart and high potency chart

History

Recent research confirms cannabis use dates back at least 2,500 years ago in Western China. Since smoking pipes weren’t available at this point in time in Western China, they burned cannabis in wooden braziers. This was performed during mortuary ceremonies at the Jirzankal Cemetery. Scientists were able to confirm this use through a phytochemical analysis of the remains of charred wood.

Indigenous Uses

Cannabis has seen frequent and well-documented use for religious and ceremonial purposes. For instance, Hindus in Nepal will consume cannabis to aid with meditation and during religious festivals. Some Sadhus, a Hindu holy person, believe Lord Shiva encouraged the use of cannabis. A recent survey in Nepal during a Shiva festival revealed that most Sadhus are daily users of cannabis, and a third promoted the use of cannabis for Hindus.

Hinduism has a strong belief system that aids in positive and healthy cannabis use. One aspect of this belief system is only using low-potency preparations of the substance. The primary form of consumption is weed drinks, either bhang or thandai. They strongly discourage using charas, a form of extracted cannabis.

This all stems from the belief that consuming too much cannabis can decrease an individual’s motivation, but consuming in small amounts will actually increase their overall motivation. There is an understanding within Hindu communities that cannabis has a complex effect on a person’s overall happiness and satisfaction.

Arab physicians believed in and studied the healing properties of cannabis to help their communities overcome illness. This resulted in Arabic communities using cannabis as a diuretic, anti-epileptic, anti-inflammatory, painkilling, and antipyretic. Some communities still use it to this day because of the beliefs these physicians held.

Modern Day Research

CBN IDENTIFIED
The psychoactive effects of Cannabis were not scientifically realized until the late 1800s. Thomas Barlow Wood, a professor at the University of Cambridge, was the first person to identify cannabinol (source?), or CBN. CBN is the metabolite of THC which is what causes the psychoactive effects of Cannabis. He published his findings in 1899 in the Journal of the Chemical Society.

CBD DISCOVERED
In 1940 cannabidiol, or CBD, was discovered within the cannabis plant. The early description of CBD referred to it as a toxic substance without any explanation. This article was then used to push legislation to further criminalize cannabis. Eventually, the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 passed, making CBD an illegal substance within the United States. Despite having no basis for calling CBD a toxic substance, it wasn’t legalized until the 2018 Farm Bill passed, making CBD derived from hemp legal to sell, purchase, and consume within the United States.

THC DISCOVERED
THC was first discovered in 1964 by Raphael Mechoulam and Yechiel Gaoni. They published their findings in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. This is when scientists first began to really understand the psychoactive effects of cannabis. (ENTER)

CB1 RECEPTOR DISCOVERED
The first endogenous cannabinoid receptor was discovered in 1988. This receptor is predominantly located throughout the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Discovering these natural receptors gave us further insights into not only how cannabis works, but also how our bodies work.

ANANDAMIDE DISCOVERED
In order for an exogenous molecule (outside the body) to affect a receptor inside the body, the body must produce an endogenous molecule (inside the body) that also activates the same receptor.  The first endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) was discovered in 1992.

CB2 RECEPTOR DISCOVERED
The second endogenous cannabinoid receptor was discovered in 1993. It is predominantly located in the peripheral nervous system and can also be found in the central nervous system. Thanks to these discoveries of CB1 & CB2 receptors, we now know that these receptors play a large role in our overall health. Any substance that acts on these receptors could have important therapeutic properties.

2-ARACHIDONOYLGLYERCOL DISCOVERED
1995 The second endocannabinoid was discovered…

Notable Events, Findings, Studies

French physician Jacques-Joseph Moreau and Irish physician William Brooke O’Shaughnessy were the first to study the potential medicinal benefits of cannabis in the early 1800s. Jacques-Joseph Moreau theorized that hashish could be used to help treat mental illness. He believed it could help with replicating mental illness to help patients overcome their underlying mental illnesses.

William Brooke O’Shaughnessy introduced the medicinal benefits of cannabis to the Western world. During his time in India, he observed how the native people of India used cannabis to treat various illnesses. He then successfully used cannabis to relieve pain caused by rheumatism and stop the convulsions of an infant. This is how he showed England the medical benefits of cannabis.

During this time, cannabis was a completely legal substance in the United States. It wasn’t even taxed until the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 passed. This tax was passed once the Federal Bureau of Narcotics noticed it becoming an increasingly popular substance. The government realized they were missing out on a large stream of revenue by not regulating it.

It wasn’t until 1970 that cannabis became an illegal substance under President Richard Nixon. He campaigned on “villainizing” any and all drug use aside from Alcohol. In the 1990s, during an interview with one of Nixon’s top advisors, John Ehrlichman, the true reasoning behind villainizing all drug use was revealed.

John Ehrlichman stated, “by getting the public to associate the hippies with marijuana and blacks with heroin. And then criminalizing both heavily, we could disrupt those communities… We could arrest their leaders. Raid their homes, break up their meetings, and vilify them night after night on the evening news. Did we know we were lying about the drugs? Of course, we did.” This legislation is still in effect today.

Recent Studies

There has been some progress made in legalizing CBD in the United States. In 2018, the World Health Organization declared there are no public health risks or abuse potentials found in cannabidiol. This led to the United States passing the 2018 Farm Bill in early 2019. This bill legalizes the purchase, sale, and possession of CBD derived from a hemp plant.

In 1997, the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine released a study of 394 individuals to determine the effect smoking Cannabis has on lung function. They determined there was no effect on lung function based on whether or not an individual smokes cannabis. Further, they determined no correlation between lung function and the frequency at which someone smoked cannabis. There was however a decline in lung function among tobacco smokers.

Laws and Legal Status

In the past few decades, cannabis has seen a recent resurgence in usage due to the legalization efforts in the United States and the rest of the world. It is such a popular substance due to its generally low-risk, high-reward effects. Several states have legalized weed to some extent.

Currently, recreational use is legal for adults over 21 years of age in 16 states, and 38 states have legalized cannabis for medical use. These legalization efforts have skyrocketed the use of this substance. 

The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 made cannabis a federally illegal substance within the United States. Since then, many states have legalized recreational and medicinal use of the substance. Currently, as of 2020, 16 states have legalized the recreational use of cannabis, and 38 states have legalized the medicinal use of cannabis. The legalization of medicinal cannabis started in 1996. However, during this time, the federal government could still interfere in cannabis use within these legalized states. In 2014, the Rohrabacher-Farr amendment passed, prohibiting the federal government from interfering with state-implemented medical cannabis laws.

Canada passed the Cannabis Act in 2018, which legalized recreational cannabis use. Canadians regulate the sale, purchase, and possession of cannabis through dispensaries across the country.

Australia made cannabis legal to grow for medicinal purposes and scientific studies in 2015. Adult use is illegal in most provinces, with the ]exception of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), which includes the capital, Canberra. The ACT legalized recreational marijuana on September 25, 2019. In the territory, residents over age 18 may possess up to 50 grams of marijuana and grow their own cannabis.

Most of the world’s policies on cannabis use stem from the United Nations’ Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971, and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988. Uruguay and Canada are the only Sovereign states to have fully legalized the purchase, sale, and use of cannabis throughout their nation.

Georgia and South Africa have legalized the use of cannabis, but it is still illegal to sell and purchase the substance. Spain and the Netherlands passed policies of limited enforcement. Meaning, it is still illegal, but the law is not enforced by their governments.

Pharmacology 

Although we know the overall pharmacology of cannabis is still relatively unknown due to the strict government regulations scientists must navigate in order to study the substance. The phytocompounds and phytonutrients contained within cannabis, individually and/or collectively, cause the psychoactive and therapeutic effects of the plant. The primary psychoactive substance is THC which is metabolized into CBN once ingested. CBN then binds to the cannabinoid receptors within the brain.

Toxicity

First: What makes a substance toxic? Toxicity is defined based on the different levels of exposure required for a substance to cause harm to a human or animal. The level of toxicity measures the dose required to cause harm to a human, as even water can be toxic in too high of a dose, and lethal snake venom can be non-toxic in a small enough dose. A common measurement of toxicity is the LD50 which measures the lethal dose for half of the tested organisms.

According to the Australian Department of Health, the LD50 is approximately 130mg/KG of THC. This means for an average human the lethal dose of THC would be 8.45KG, or nearly 19 pounds, of THC. If someone had cannabis that contained 25% THC, it would take approximately 75 pounds of smoked cannabis before reaching a lethal level of THC in the body.

There were reports of cannabis having a high potential for abuse similar to that of cocaine and heroin. A meeting of over 25,000 neuroscientists debunked these findings.

Interactions

According to WebMD the largest concern for interactions between cannabis and other substances is with sedatives and theophylline. 

Cannabis has the potential to cause drowsiness, so it is not advised to combine consumption with a prescribed sedative as it could potentially cause excessive drowsiness. It is especially important to heed this recommendation if you drive, operate heavy machinery, or have responsibilities that require alertness. 

Cannabis can decrease the effectiveness of theophylline (used in therapy for respiratory diseases). There isn’t currently enough information to know if this is a big concern.

The table below shows other potential drug interactions with Cannabis:

Safety

Many consider cannabis to be one of the safest drugs available in the world. According to the Huffington Post, a documented death caused by cannabis overdose has yet to occur. The CDC reports roughly 88,000 deaths caused by alcohol in the United States each year. They also report tobacco causes roughly 480,000 deaths each year in the United States alone. Compared with alcohol or tobacco, it becomes clear why many consider cannabis to be safer than many legal drugs.

Effects

Physiological 

The endocannabinoid system (endogenous cannabinoid system) is a ubiquitous lipid signalling system which is said to have appeared early in evolution, and has important regulatory functions throughout the body in all vertebrates.

The Journal of Clinical Investigations established a link between CBD use and decreased blood pressure. In a trial of nine healthy males, resting blood pressure decreased by about 6mmHg and stroke volume by about 8ml. During this trial, they also looked at the effect CBD had on blood pressure during exercise and cold stress. They determined it lowered blood pressure, increased heart rate, and reduced stroke volume during exercise, with similar results during cold stress. These results could lead to further studies to find whether or not CBD could be used as a treatment for various cardiovascular illnesses.

Psychological 

When an individual consumes cannabis, their default mode network, or DMN, slightly deactivates. The DMN “normalizes” your everyday activities and sensations. So, when a person’s DMN partially deactivates, that individual will tend to further question their everyday activities. This effect is common among many other psychedelics as well.

The Journal of Clinical Investigation has linked cannabis with having antidepressant-like effects.  A lack of neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus potentially causes some types of depression. A trial with rats determined that certain cannabinoids have a neurogenesis effect in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.

Some people’s bodies have a shortage of naturally produced endocannabinoids (known as: clinical endocannabinoid deficiency) and genuinely benefit from ingesting cannabinoids. Several studies have led to the hypothesis that endocannabinoid deficiency contributes to depressive symptoms.

In an attempt to understand the mechanisms behind a correlation found between people with anxiety disorders and those who use cannabis, the National Center for Biotechnology Information conducted a systematic review of these cases. They were not able to determine the cause of this correlation or whether cannabis use could cause long-term anxiety disorders. Further research is required to understand whether or not it could be causing some anxiety disorders or whether people with anxiety disorders have a tendency to use Cannabis.

THC modifies the neural communication in our amygdala, for better or worse; some people claim to have anxiety relief from consuming cannabis, while some experience side effects such as anxiety and paranoia. It is believed that THC can cause anxiety and paranoia by over-exciting the neural pathways in our amygdala in instances of high doses, in modulation with certain terpenes (certain strains), or (potentially) habitual use.

Common Side Effects

Common side effects of Cannabis use include:

  • Altered sensations
  • Drowsiness
  • Reduced coordination
  • Euphoria
  • Anxiety/Paranoia
  • Decreased blood pressure
  • Dry mouth, commonly referred to as cotton mouth
  • Appetite stimulation
  • Dry eyes

Some users experience vomiting and nausea after their first time consuming or after heavy use, but it is not very common. When mixed with other drugs, such as alcohol, the likelihood of vomiting and nausea increases.

Adverse Effects

Cannabis has a small potential for causing a psychological addiction. Studies suggest that somewhere between 5% to 10% of users become daily, habitual smokers at some point in their life. In extreme cases, some users have experienced mild withdrawals that usually subside within a week.

There have been links between cannabis use and later diagnosis of psychotic disorders. It is still unclear whether it caused the psychotic disorder or whether the individual would have developed the disorder regardless. 

Some chronic users of cannabis experience Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome. Symptoms include recurrent nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The root cause of this syndrome is still unknown and is diagnosed based on the symptoms associated with cannabis use. Users who experience this syndrome report a hot shower or bath provides temporary relief of the symptoms. To fully relieve these symptoms, one must stop all use of cannabis. Some patients with CHS report being so sensitive they can no longer even be present to second-hand cannabis smoke. 

A tolerance to cannabis can build up after repeated use of the substance within a short period of time. The “high” effect one feels is attributed to an abnormal increase in the activity of CB1 receptors. The activity of these receptors usually returns to normal after THC is gone, but many people choose to repeatedly expose their bodies to THC consumption consistently over multiple days, weeks, and months. In this case, the brain fights back to normalize the CB1 activation patterns – where mechanisms work to dampen the impact of THC.

This means that after repeated use, larger doses will be required to feel the effects. A common practice within the cannabis community is for heavy users to take a “tolerance break.” This is a break from using it that can last up to a month to reset a user’s tolerance. A tolerance to cannabis will begin to secede after two days of abstinence and will completely reset after approximately four weeks.

Uses

Since cannabis has become a legal substance for medicinal use in over half of the United States and many parts of the world, research has increased into its potential medicinal uses. Cannabis (hemp) byproducts are also used in cosmetics and clothing, as well as for a variety of industrial applications.

Therapeutically

Medical cannabis is used to treat a wide variety of ailments, including chronic pain, PTSD, HIV, ALS, Asthma, Alzheimer’s Disease, chronic Cystitis, Epilepsy, Dystonic Movement Disorders, Fibromyalgia, and MS. It has shown promising results for all of these disorders when studied under strict scientific requirements. As legalization continues, it will slowly become easier for scientists to study it for its medicinal and therapeutic properties. Further studies are required to understand its full medicinal benefits.

Cosmetic and Clothing

A growing trend in the cosmetic and clothing industry is hemp-based products. Rightfully so, because hemp is adds immense value to many industries while being an easily renewable resource.

CBD has shown some properties that have helped some people clear up their skin from acne. This has resulted in CBD becoming hugely popular in skincare and beauty products. 

Insert this research from PubMed instead.

CBD infusions have become a trend for the following products: Lotion

  • Balms
  • Skin Oil
  • Soap
  • Bath bombs
  • Shampoo
  • Perfume
  • Mascara (moved)
  • Body butter

Some cosmetic products contain hemp seed oil, which is a nutrient-rich byproduct of hemp seeds – which contains no CBD or THC. 

There has also been a growing trend of hemp-based clothing lines. Hemp is very suitable for clothing of all kinds. It is UV and mold-resistant, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and has three times the tensile strength of cotton. Hemp can even be spun in conjunction with cotton or silk to create clothing that has the comfort of cotton and silk with the durability of hemp.

Industrial Uses of Cannabis 

Current industrial uses for hemp include making paper, textiles, biodegradable plastic, fuel, and even a form of concrete. The use of hemp for industrial purposes comes from its cost-effective and environmentally friendly growth. It is one of the fastest-growing biomasses on earth, requiring very little to no pesticides and zero herbicides. The roots of the plant grow deep, preventing erosion. This makes hemp both easy and inexpensive to mass produce.

Hempcrete is made with a mixture of hemp hurds and lime. What makes hempcrete really stand out from traditional concrete is its lack of brittleness. This means expansion joints are not required when using hempcrete. This, in turn, reduces the cost and labor required in construction. It also acts as an insulator and moisture regulator making it an ideal product in a wide range of climates.

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Cannabis Today

Today, Cannabis use is higher than ever due to legalization efforts and prevalence in pop culture. The Cannabis community widely regards it as a low-risk, high-reward substance due to its mild adverse side effects. These legalization efforts have also opened up Cannabis for further studies on its potential medicinal and therapeutic uses.

Current Studies & Research

The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, or MAPS, has recently released a notice that they are working on a study to show the medical uses of cannabis in treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. They are attempting to satisfy the requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The results of this study are expected to be released by the end of 2019.

Berkeley is currently making heavy investments in studying cannabis for a variety of reasons. These studies include topics such as policy development and land use, environmental issues, and how the legalization of cannabis will affect people and culture. 

UCLA has released a range of articles on cannabis use as well. One of these studies explores how recreational cannabis use affects a person’s quality of life. They have also conducted a study on using cannabinoids as a palliative medicine. Another study was conducted to determine whether or not cannabis use at a young age is associated with anhedonia, a disorder that inhibits a person from experiencing pleasure.

Cambridge University conducted an in-depth study on CBD as a treatment for psychiatric disorders. Through extensive research, they were able to determine that CBD has potential as an antipsychotic. It may work to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia, general social anxiety disorders, various withdrawal symptoms, and other psychiatric disorders.

Effects of Legalization

The International Journal of Drug Policy made an interesting statistical correlation between the way cannabis is legally classified in the UK and the number of people admitted for cannabis psychosis. This study shows that harsher penalties for cannabis use and possession resulted in a larger number of people being admitted for cannabis psychosis. The reason for this correlation is still unknown. Scientists believe a potential cause could be increased anxiety and paranoia when using cannabis in an area with harsh penalties if caught.

A big concern in legalizing cannabis is the potential for increased teen use. JAMA Networks released a study on the association between teen cannabis use and legalization with mixed results. They were able to determine that there was no correlation between increased adolescent cannabis use and the legalization of cannabis for medicinal use. Additionally, some states that legalized cannabis recreationally saw increased adolescent cannabis use, others saw a decrease in adolescent cannabis use, and some saw no change at all.

FAQ

How to store Cannabis?

It is best to store cannabis in an airtight container placed in a dry, cool, dark place, as oxygen, heat, and UV light will degrade cannabinoids. The optimal humidity for cannabis preservation is at a relative humidity of 59-63%.

Can Cannabis degrade? 

Cannabis can go bad if stored improperly for an extended period of time. The primary concern would be mold or mildew growth. If stored in a cold, dark place with low humidity, there is a very small chance of mold or mildew growth. Oxygen, heat, and UV light will degrade cannabinoids, but they do not become toxic after degradation.

Can you overdose on Cannabis? 

There has yet to be a confirmed case of cannabis-caused overdose.

Contributor | RS

This Cannabis guide is for educational purposes only. While it is our belief that choosing to consume psychedelics is an inalienable human right, many psychedelic substances are currently illegal in the United States. 

Our substance guides provide the public with the most accurate and reliable information about psychedelic substances that currently exist. We have compiled research, scientific studies, as well as experiences and thoughts from the psychedelic community. We do not include all the scientific research and studies. Rather, we curate each of our guides to reflect the most relevant insight backed by the most credible evidence. That being said, we are just at the beginning of studying these substances, and every day, we are learning something new. Knowledge is power! Have a bite.  –RS

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Mazatec Mushroom Usage: Notes on Approach, Setting and Species for Curious Psilonauts
A look at traditional Mazatec psilocybin mushroom usage, and a comparison to the cliniical therapeutic approach, with an examination of the Mazatec setting and species used in veladas.

María Sabina: The Mazatec Magic Mushroom Woman
Magic mushrooms are incredibly popular today. How they became introduced to into American culture isn’t usually a topic discussed while tripping on psilocybin fungi. We all may have María Sabina to thank for exposing the Western world to the healing properties of the psilocybin mushroom.

Guide to Magic Mushroom Strains
Are there different types of psilocybin? Read our guide to learn about the different magic mushroom strains and their individual effects.

Kilindi Iyi: Mycologist, Traveler, Teacher
Learn about traveler and mycologist Kilindi Iyi known in the psychedelic community for his research and exploration of psilocybin.

How to Store Shrooms: Best Practices
How do you store shrooms for optimal shelf life? Learn how and why the proper storage method is so important.

Shroom Chocolate Recipes: How to Make Magic Mushroom Chocolates
This recipe provides step by step directions on how you can make mushroom chocolates with the necessary ingredients. Read to learn more!

Why Do People Use Psilocybin? New Johns Hopkins Study
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicines has just published a new study on psychoactive effects of psilocybin. Read here to learn more.

How-To Lemon Tek: Ultimate Guide and Recipe
This master guide will teach you how to lemon tek, preventing the onset of negative effects after consuming psilocybin. Read to learn more!

How to Intensify a Mushroom Trip
Learn about techniques like Lemon tekking, or discover the right time to consume cannabis if you are looking to intensify a mushroom trip.

How to Grow Magic Mushrooms: Step-by-Step
This step-by-step guide will show you how to grow magic mushrooms at home. Read this guide before trying it on your own.

How to Dry Magic Mushrooms: Best Practices
Read to learn more about specifics for the best practices on how to dry magic mushrooms after harvesting season.

How to Buy Psilocybin Spores
Interested in psilocybin mushrooms? We’ll walk you through all you need to know to obtain mushroom spores. Nosh on this delish How To guide.

Hippie Flipping: When Shrooms and Molly Meet
What is it, what does it feel like, and how long does it last? Explore the mechanics of hippie flipping and how to safely experiment.

Having Sex on Shrooms: Good or Bad Idea?
Is having sex on shrooms a good idea or an accident waiting to happen? Find out in our guide to sex on magic mushrooms.

Gold Cap Shrooms Guide: Spores, Effects, Identification
Read this guide to learn more about the different characteristics of gold cap mushrooms, and how they differ from other psilocybin species.

Guide to Cooking with Magic Mushrooms
From cookies to smoothies and sandwiches, we cover various methods of cooking with magic mushrooms for the ultimate snack.

2020 Election: The Decriminalize Psilocybin Movement
Are you curious if mushrooms will follow in marijuana’s footsteps? Read to learn about how the U.S. is moving to decriminalize psilocybin.

Oregon’s Initiative to Legalize Mushrooms | Initiative Petition 34
Oregon continues to push ahead with their initiative to legalize Psilocybin in 2020. The measure received its official title and now needs signatures.

Canada Approves Psilocybin Treatment for Terminally-Ill Cancer Patients
Canada’s Minister of Health, Patty Hajdu approved the use of psilocybin to help ease anxiety and depression of four terminal cancer patients.

Mapping the DMT Experience
With only firsthand experiences to share, how can we fully map the DMT experience? Let’s explore what we know about this powerful psychedelic.

Guide to Machine Elves and Other DMT Entities
This guide discusses machine elves, clockwork elves, and other common DMT entities that people experience during a DMT trip.

Is the DMT Experience a Hallucination? 
What if the DMT realm was the real world, and our everyday lives were merely a game we had chosen to play?

How to Store DMT
Not sure how to store DMT? Read this piece to learn the best practices and elements of advice to keep your stuff fresh.

What Does 5-MeO-DMT Show Us About Consciousness?
How does our brain differentiate between what’s real and what’s not? Read to learn what can 5-MeO-DMT show us about consciousness.

How to Smoke DMT: Processes Explained
There are many ways to smoke DMT and we’ve outlined some of the best processes to consider before embarking on your journey.

How to Ground After DMT
Knowing what to expect from a DMT comedown can help you integrate the experience to gain as much value as possible from your journey.

How To Get DMT
What kind of plants contain DMT? Are there other ways to access this psychedelic? Read on to learn more about how to get DMT.

How DMT is Made: Everything You Need to Know
Ever wonder how to make DMT? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how DMT is made.

Having Sex on DMT: What You Need to Know
Have you ever wondered about sex on DMT? Learn how the God Molecule can influence your intimate experiences.

Does the Human Brain Make DMT? 
With scientific evidence showing us DMT in the brain, what can we conclude it is there for? Read on to learn more.

How to Use DMT Vape Pens
Read to learn all about DMT vape pens including: what to know when vaping, what to expect when purchasing a DMT cartridge, and vaping safely.

DMT Resources
This article is a comprehensive DMT resource providing extensive information from studies, books, documentaries, and more. Check it out!

Differentiating DMT and Near-Death Experiences
Some say there are similarities between a DMT trip and death. Read our guide on differentiating DMT and near-death experiences to find out.

DMT Research from 1956 to the Edge of Time
From a representative sample of a suitably psychedelic crowd, you’d be hard pressed to find someone who couldn’t tell you all about Albert Hofmann’s enchanted bicycle ride after swallowing what turned out to be a massive dose of LSD. Far fewer, however, could tell you much about the world’s first DMT trip.

The Ultimate Guide to DMT Pricing
Check out our ultimate guide on DMT pricing to learn what to expect when purchasing DMT for your first time.

DMT Milking | Reality Sandwich
Indigenous cultures have used 5-MeO-DMT for centuries. With the surge in demand for psychedelic toad milk, is DMT Milking harming the frogs?

Why Does DMT Pervade Nature?
With the presence of DMT in nature everywhere – including human brains – why does it continue to baffle science?

DMT Substance Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
Our ultimate guide to DMT has everything you want to know about this powerful psychedelic referred to as “the spirit molecule”.

DMT for Depression: Paving the Way for New Medicine
We’ve been waiting for an effective depression treatment. Studies show DMT for depression works even for treatment resistant patients.

Beating Addiction with DMT
Psychedelics have been studied for their help overcoming addiction. Read how DMT is helping addicts beat their substance abuse issues.

DMT Extraction: Behind the Scientific Process
Take a look at DMT extraction and the scientific process involved. Learn all you need to know including procedures and safety.

Microdosing DMT & Common Dosages Explained
Microdosing, though imperceivable, is showing to have many health benefits–here is everything you want to know about microdosing DMT.

DMT Art: A Look Behind Visionary Creations
An entire genre of artwork is inspired by psychedelic trips with DMT. Read to learn about the entities and visions behind DMT art.

Changa vs. DMT: What You Need to Know
While similar (changa contains DMT), each drug has its own unique effect and feeling. Let’s compare and contrast changa vs DMT.

5-MeO-DMT Guide: Effects, Benefits, Safety, and Legality
5-Meo-DMT comes from the Sonora Desert toad. Here is everything you want to know about 5-Meo-DMT and how it compares to 4-AcO-DMT.

4-AcO-DMT Guide: Benefits, Effects, Safety, and Legality
This guide tells you everything about 4 AcO DMT & 5 MeO DMT, that belong to the tryptamine class, and are similar but slightly different to DMT.

How Much Does LSD Cost? When shopping around for that magical psychedelic substance, there can be many uncertainties when new to buying LSD. You may be wondering how much does LSD cost? In this article, we will discuss what to expect when purchasing LSD on the black market, what forms LSD is sold in, and the standard breakdown of buying LSD in quantity.   Navy Use of LSD on the Dark Web The dark web is increasingly popular for purchasing illegal substances. The US Navy has now noticed this trend with their staff. Read to learn more.   Having Sex on LSD: What You Need to Know Can you have sex on LSD? Read our guide to learn everything about sex on acid, from lowered inhibitions to LSD users quotes on sex while tripping.   A Drug That Switches off an LSD Trip A pharmaceutical company is developing an “off-switch” drug for an LSD trip, in the case that a bad trip can happen. Some would say there is no such thing.   Queen of Hearts: An Interview with Liz Elliot on Tim Leary and LSD The history of psychedelia, particularly the British experience, has been almost totally written by men. Of the women involved, especially those who were in the thick of it, little has been written either by or about them. A notable exception is Liz Elliot.   LSD Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety LSD, Lysergic acid diethylamide, or just acid is one of the most important psychedelics ever discovered. What did history teach us?   Microdosing LSD & Common Dosage Explained Microdosing, though imperceivable, is showing to have many health benefits–here is everything you want to know about microdosing LSD.   LSD Resources Curious to learn more about LSD? This guide includes comprehensive LSD resources containing books, studies and more.   LSD as a Spiritual Aid There is common consent that the evolution of mankind is paralleled by the increase and expansion of consciousness. From the described process of how consciousness originates and develops, it becomes evident that its growth depends on its faculty of perception. Therefore every means of improving this faculty should be used.   Legendary LSD Blotter Art: A Hidden Craftsmanship Have you ever heard of LSD blotter art? Explore the trippy world of LSD art and some of the top artists of LSD blotter art.   LSD and Exercise: Does it Work? LSD and exercise? Learn why high-performing athletes are taking hits of LSD to improve their overall potential.   Jan Bastiaans Treated Holocaust Survivors with LSD Dutch psychiatrist, Jan Bastiaans administered LSD-assisted therapy to survivors of the Holocaust. A true war hero and pioneer of psychedelic-therapy.   LSD and Spiritual Awakening I give thanks for LSD, which provided the opening that led me to India in 1971 and brought me to Neem Karoli Baba, known as Maharajji. Maharajji is described by the Indians as a “knower of hearts.”   How LSD is Made: Everything You Need to Know Ever wonder how to make LSD? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how LSD is made.   How to Store LSD: Best Practices Learn the best way to store LSD, including the proper temperature and conditions to maximize how long LSD lasts when stored.   Bicycle Day: The Discovery of LSD Every year on April 19th, psychonauts join forces to celebrate Bicycle Day. Learn about the famous day when Albert Hoffman first discovered the effects of LSD.   Cary Grant: A Hollywood Legend On LSD Cary Grant was a famous actor during the 1930’s-60’s But did you know Grant experimented with LSD? Read our guide to learn more.   Albert Hofmann: LSD — My Problem Child Learn about Albert Hofmann and his discovery of LSD, along with the story of Bicycle Day and why it marks a historic milestone.   Babies are High: What Does LSD Do To Your Brain What do LSD and babies have in common? Researchers at the Imperial College in London discover that an adult’s brain on LSD looks like a baby’s brain.   1P LSD: Effects, Benefits, Safety Explained 1P LSD is an analogue of LSD and homologue of ALD-25. Here is everything you want to know about 1P LSD and how it compares to LSD.   Francis Crick, DNA & LSD Type ‘Francis Crick LSD’ into Google, and the result will be 30,000 links. Many sites claim that Crick (one of the two men responsible for discovering the structure of DNA), was either under the influence of LSD at the time of his revelation or used the drug to help with his thought processes during his research. Is this true?   What Happens If You Overdose on LSD? A recent article presented three individuals who overdosed on LSD. Though the experience was unpleasant, the outcomes were remarkably positive.

The Ayahuasca Experience
Ayahuasca is both a medicine and a visionary aid. You can employ ayahuasca for physical, mental, emotional and spiritual repair, and you can engage with the power of ayahuasca for deeper insight and realization. If you consider attainment of knowledge in the broadest perspective, you can say that at all times, ayahuasca heals.

 

Trippy Talk: Meet Ayahuasca with Sitaramaya Sita and PlantTeachers
Sitaramaya Sita is a spiritual herbalist, pusangera, and plant wisdom practitioner formally trained in the Shipibo ayahuasca tradition.

 

The Therapeutic Value of Ayahuasca
My best description of the impact of ayahuasca is that it’s a rocket boost to psychospiritual growth and unfolding, my professional specialty during my thirty-five years of private practice.

 

Microdosing Ayahuasca: Common Dosage Explained
What is ayahuasca made of and what is considered a microdose? Explore insights with an experienced Peruvian brewmaster and learn more about this practice.

 

Ayahuasca Makes Neuron Babies in Your Brain
Researchers from Beckley/Sant Pau Research Program have shared the latest findings in their study on the effects of ayahuasca on neurogenesis.

 

The Fatimiya Sufi Order and Ayahuasca
In this interview, the founder of the Fatimiya Sufi Order,  N. Wahid Azal, discusses the history and uses of plant medicines in Islamic and pre-Islamic mystery schools.

 

Consideration Ayahuasca for Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Research indicates that ayahuasca mimics mechanisms of currently accepted treatments for PTSD. In order to understand the implications of ayahuasca treatment, we need to understand how PTSD develops.

 

Brainwaves on Ayahuasca: A Waking Dream State
In a study researchers shared discoveries showing ingredients found in Ayahuasca impact the brainwaves causing a “waking dream” state.

 

Cannabis and Ayahuasca: Mixing Entheogenic Plants
Cannabis and Ayahuasca: most people believe they shouldn’t be mixed. Read this personal experience peppered with thoughts from a pro cannabis Peruvian Shaman.

 

Ayahuasca Retreat 101: Everything You Need to Know to Brave the Brew
Ayahuasca has been known to be a powerful medicinal substance for millennia. However, until recently, it was only found in the jungle. Word of its deeply healing and cleansing properties has begun to spread across the world as many modern, Western individuals are seeking spiritual, mental, emotional, and physical well-being. More ayahuasca retreat centers are emerging in the Amazon and worldwide to meet the demand.

 

Ayahuasca Helps with Grief
A new study published in psychopharmacology found that ayahuasca helped those suffering from the loss of a loved one up to a year after treatment.

 

Ayahuasca Benefits: Clinical Improvements for Six Months
Ayahuasca benefits can last six months according to studies. Read here to learn about the clinical improvements from drinking the brew.

 

Ayahuasca Culture: Indigenous, Western, And The Future
Ayahuasca has been use for generations in the Amazon. With the rise of retreats and the brew leaving the rainforest how is ayahuasca culture changing?

 

Ayahuasca Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
The Amazonian brew, Ayahuasca has a long history and wide use. Read our guide to learn all about the tea from its beginnings up to modern-day interest.

 

Ayahuasca and the Godhead: An Interview with Wahid Azal of the Fatimiya Sufi Order
Wahid Azal, a Sufi mystic of The Fatimiya Sufi Order and an Islamic scholar, talks about entheogens, Sufism, mythology, and metaphysics.

 

Ayahuasca and the Feminine: Women’s Roles, Healing, Retreats, and More
Ayahuasca is lovingly called “grandmother” or “mother” by many. Just how feminine is the brew? Read to learn all about women and ayahuasca.

What Is the Standard of Care for Ketamine Treatments?
Ketamine therapy is on the rise in light of its powerful results for treatment-resistant depression. But, what is the current standard of care for ketamine? Read to find out.

What Is Dissociation and How Does Ketamine Create It?
Dissociation can take on multiple forms. So, what is dissociation like and how does ketamine create it? Read to find out.

Having Sex on Ketamine: Getting Physical on a Dissociative
Curious about what it could feel like to have sex on a dissociate? Find out all the answers in our guide to sex on ketamine.

Special K: The Party Drug
Special K refers to Ketamine when used recreationally. Learn the trends as well as safety information around this substance.

Kitty Flipping: When Ketamine and Molly Meet
What is it, what does it feel like, and how long does it last? Read to explore the mechanics of kitty flipping.

Ketamine vs. Esketamine: 3 Important Differences Explained
Ketamine and esketamine are used to treat depression. But what’s the difference between them? Read to learn which one is right for you: ketamine vs. esketamine.

Guide to Ketamine Treatments: Understanding the New Approach
Ketamine is becoming more popular as more people are seeing its benefits. Is ketamine a fit? Read our guide for all you need to know about ketamine treatments.

Ketamine Treatment for Eating Disorders
Ketamine is becoming a promising treatment for various mental health conditions. Read to learn how individuals can use ketamine treatment for eating disorders.

Ketamine Resources, Studies, and Trusted Information
Curious to learn more about ketamine? This guide includes comprehensive ketamine resources containing books, studies and more.

Ketamine Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
Our ultimate guide to ketamine has everything you need to know about this “dissociative anesthetic” and how it is being studied for depression treatment.

Ketamine for Depression: A Mental Health Breakthrough
While antidepressants work for some, many others find no relief. Read to learn about the therapeutic uses of ketamine for depression.

Ketamine for Addiction: Treatments Offering Hope
New treatments are offering hope to individuals suffering from addiction diseases. Read to learn how ketamine for addiction is providing breakthrough results.

Microdosing Ketamine & Common Dosages Explained
Microdosing, though imperceivable, is showing to have many health benefits–here is everything you want to know about microdosing ketamine.

How to Ease a Ketamine Comedown
Knowing what to expect when you come down from ketamine can help integrate the experience to gain as much value as possible.

How to Store Ketamine: Best Practices
Learn the best ways how to store ketamine, including the proper temperature and conditions to maximize how long ketamine lasts when stored.

How To Buy Ketamine: Is There Legal Ketamine Online?
Learn exactly where it’s legal to buy ketamine, and if it’s possible to purchase legal ketamine on the internet.

How Long Does Ketamine Stay in Your System?
How long does ketamine stay in your system? Are there lasting effects on your body? Read to discover the answers!

How Ketamine is Made: Everything You Need to Know
Ever wonder how to make Ketamine? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how Ketamine is made.

Colorado on Ketamine: First Responders Waiver Programs
Fallout continues after Elijah McClain. Despite opposing recommendations from some city council, Colorado State Health panel recommends the continued use of ketamine by medics for those demonstrating “excited delirium” or “extreme agitation”.

Types of Ketamine: Learn the Differences & Uses for Each
Learn about the different types of ketamine and what they are used for—and what type might be right for you. Read now to find out!

Kitty Flipping: When Ketamine and Molly Meet
What is it, what does it feel like, and how long does it last? Read to explore the mechanics of kitty flipping.

MDMA & Ecstasy Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
Our ultimate guide to MDMA has everything you want to know about Ecstasy from how it was developed in 1912 to why it’s being studied today.

How To Get the Most out of Taking MDMA as a Couple
Taking MDMA as a couple can lead to exciting experiences. Read here to learn how to get the most of of this love drug in your relationship.

Common MDMA Dosage & Microdosing Explained
Microdosing, though imperceivable, is showing to have many health benefits–here is everything you want to know about microdosing MDMA.

Having Sex on MDMA: What You Need to Know
MDMA is known as the love drug… Read our guide to learn all about sex on MDMA and why it is beginning to makes its way into couple’s therapy.

How MDMA is Made: Common Procedures Explained
Ever wonder how to make MDMA? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how MDMA is made.

Hippie Flipping: When Shrooms and Molly Meet
What is it, what does it feel like, and how long does it last? Explore the mechanics of hippie flipping and how to safely experiment.

How Cocaine is Made: Common Procedures Explained
Ever wonder how to make cocaine? Read our guide to learn everything you need to know about the procedures of how cocaine is made.

A Christmas Sweater with Santa and Cocaine
This week, Walmart came under fire for a “Let it Snow” Christmas sweater depicting Santa with lines of cocaine. Columbia is not merry about it.

Ultimate Cocaine Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
This guide covers what you need to know about Cocaine, including common effects and uses, legality, safety precautions and top trends today.

NEWS: An FDA-Approved Cocaine Nasal Spray
The FDA approved a cocaine nasal spray called Numbrino, which has raised suspicions that the pharmaceutical company, Lannett Company Inc., paid off the FDA..

The Ultimate Guide to Cannabis Bioavailability
What is bioavailability and how can it affect the overall efficacy of a psychedelic substance? Read to learn more.

Cannabis Research Explains Sociability Behaviors
New research by Dr. Giovanni Marsicano shows social behavioral changes occur as a result of less energy available to the neurons. Read here to learn more.

The Cannabis Shaman
If recreational and medical use of marijuana is becoming accepted, can the spiritual use as well? Experiential journalist Rak Razam interviews Hamilton Souther, founder of the 420 Cannabis Shamanism movement…

Cannabis Guide: Effects, Common Uses, Safety
Our ultimate guide to Cannabis has everything you want to know about this popular substances that has psychedelic properties.

Cannabis and Ayahuasca: Mixing Entheogenic Plants
Cannabis and Ayahuasca: most people believe they shouldn’t be mixed. Read this personal experience peppered with thoughts from a procannabis Peruvian Shaman.

CBD-Rich Cannabis Versus Single-Molecule CBD
A ground-breaking study has documented the superior therapeutic properties of whole plant Cannabis extract as compared to synthetic cannabidiol (CBD), challenging the medical-industrial complex’s notion that “crude” botanical preparations are less effective than single-molecule compounds.

Cannabis Has Always Been a Medicine
Modern science has already confirmed the efficacy of cannabis for most uses described in the ancient medical texts, but prohibitionists still claim that medical cannabis is “just a ruse.”

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